Atomvåben
Siden er sidst redeigeret d. 18/2 - 2021
foto nedenfor: The Official CTBTO Photostream, link til billede
NATO er klar til at være de første i en konflikt der bruger atomvåben. Ingen bør have en strategi der inkluderer et førsteslagsstrategi.
Plakat fra Portugal - for et forbud mod atomvåben.
Traktat om forbud mod atomvåben.
Traktaten blev åbnet for undertegnelse fra den 20. september 2017 og træder i kraft 90 dage efter at den er blevet ratificeret eller tiltrådt af 50 lande.
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Nuclear war with China or Russia 'a very real possibility,' U.S. Strategic Command chief warns
The Washington Times d. 1/1 - 2021
...The Pentagon must shift from a principal assumption that nuclear weapons’ use is nearly impossible to “nuclear employment is a very real possibility,” he urged in the new survey.
Government and military leaders need to better understand the new dangers of nuclear conflict and fashion new concepts of deterrence and — if needed — nuclear war-fighting strategies.
The deployment of advanced strategic forces by China and Russia calls for greater action by the United States to bolster deterrence in the face of new threats. Deterring both nations through crises or ultimately nuclear war is being tested in ways not seen before, Adm. Richard said...
Populations in 6 NATO states overwhelmingly support the TPNW - ICAN - icanw.org
Poll respondents in Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain support their government joining the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, new polls show.
Populations in 6 NATO states overwhelmingly support the TPNW
YouGov polls conducted in late 2020 in six NATO countries - Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain - show very high levels of public support for their countries to join the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.
Percentage of respondents who answered “yes” to the question: “Do you think your country should join the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons?”
On the contrary, support for the current government’s position - to not join the treaty - was in the single digits in most countries. Notably, those polled still overwhelmingly supported joining the TPNW even if their country would be the first NATO country to do so and they would face U.S. pressure not to. In Belgium, Italy and the Netherlands, the polls also found popular support for removing U.S. nuclear weapons from their territory.
These polls show how out of touch NATO policy on nuclear weapons is with the democratic support for the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Now that the treaty has entered into force, global support for the TPNW, including within NATO will only continue to grow.
ICAN commissioned YouGov to carry out the polls, which surveyed about 1000 people in each country. More information about the polls and methodology are available in this briefing paper.
Nuclear weapons have always been inhumane and unacceptable, soon they will be illegal – Tilman Ruff
ca. 6/11 - 2020
On Saturday 24 October 2020, Honduras brought the number of nations ratifying the United Nations Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (‘TPNW’) to 50. This milestone means that after 90 days have elapsed, on 22 January 2021, the treaty will enter into legal force, becoming international law and binding on the states that have ratified it, and all those which ratify in future. The treaty will, however, stigmatise nuclear weapons for all states, whether or not they join the treaty.
Historisk milepæl er nået: Forbud mod atomvåben kan træde i kraft
Fn-forbundet d. 29/10 - 2020
På FN-dagen den 24. oktober 2020 nåede FN-traktaten om forbud mod atomvåben de påkrævede 50 staters ratifikationer for at kunne træde i kraft. Dét sker om 90 dage, den 22. januar 2021. Men Danmark er ikke med i aftalen.
Danmark var et af de omkring 40 lande som slet ikke deltog i forhandlingerne om traktaten. 122 lande stemte for aftalen, da det kom til afstemning, og Sverige stemte, som det eneste nordiske land, for forbuddet. Norge, Finland og Island stemte heller ikke.
UN treaty banning nuclear weapons set to enter into force in January
UN News d. 25/10 - 2020
The UN Secretary-General António Guterres in a statement commended all the countries whose ratification of the accord, approved by 122 nations at the General Assembly in 2017, who have helped bring the ban on weapons this far, singling out the work of civil society groups.
Chief among those, the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), which was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2017, declared through Executive Director Beatrice Fihn that the coming into force was “a new chapter for nuclear disarmament. Decades of activism have achieved what many said was impossible: nuclear weapons are banned.”
Treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons
Hiroshima og Nagasaki 75 år: Nej, atomvåben skaber ikke længere en fredeligere verden, men en stadig større risiko for ragnarok
Information d. 8/8 - 2020, lederen
...Om den udvikling bruger bekymrede sikkerhedseksperter gerne begrebet »den atomare jungle«. Her er Den Kolde Krigs bipolare balance ikke bare opløst i en multipolar ubalance. Der findes også flere små og taktiske atomvåben, som formentlig sænker tærsklen for brugen af a-våben.
Fra den amerikanske ngo »Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists« advares derfor mod, at risikoen for en eskalerende brug af atomvåben er markant større i dag end under Den Kolde Krig. Det skyldes også en cocktail af ny nationalisme, nye teknologier og hackbare systemer – helt ned til hacks af den amerikanske præsidents Twitter-konto med trusler om et »first strike« eller læk af deep fake videoer af nordkoreanske forberedelser af et atomangreb.
Som forfatteren bag The Making of the Atomic Bomb, Richard Rhodes, for nylig har hævdet, står den unge generation således med en dobbelt udfordring, fordi »atomkrig er en lige så stor og mere umiddelbar fare for menneskeheden og naturen end den globale opvarmning«...
TALE - Nej til atomvåben
Tale af Christian Juhl til demonstrationen den 6. august ved Peblingesøen i København. “Danmark skal i front mod atomvåben. Norden skal i front mod atomvåben. Vi har gjort det før – vi kan gøre det igen.”
Arbejderen d. 7/8 - 2020
1) 6. august 1945 sprængte USA det første atombombe i Hiroshima. Det er 75 år siden.
To dage efter sprængte de også én over Nagasaki – begge med katastrofal effekt. Mellem 150.000 og 250.000 var døde fire måneder efter sprængningerne. Enorme skader fulgte i form af deformerede børn og meget alvorlige miljøødelæggelser.
2) Efter stor international folkelig modstand mod atomvåben – ikke mindst i de nordiske lande – tog FN i 1968 initiativ til en ikke-spredningstraktat. 190 af verdens lande har tiltrådt traktaten om ikke-spredning af atomvåben.
3) Store folkelige protester forhindrede opstillingen af nye farlige missiler i både øst og vest i 80’erne – blandt andet den nye neutronbombe, der kunne udslette alt liv, men bevare de materielle værdier. Jeg kan se på de fremmødtes hårfarve, at mange også dengang har været potentielle deltagere i møderne og protesterne.
4) I dag har Rusland, USA, England, Frankrig og Kina, Indien, Pakistan, Israel og Nordkorea atomvåben.
Siden 1945 er der foretaget mere end 2000 prøvesprængninger, og atomvåbenlandene råder over mere end 15.000 atomsprængladninger – nok til at ødelægge alle større byer og gøre kloden ubeboelig på grund af den radioaktive stråling.
5) Landene moderniserer stadig våbnene og gør dem mere og ”effektive”.
1.000.000.000.000 ... altså tusind milliarder dollars.
Så mange penge afsatte Obama-regeringen i 00’erne til at modernisere USA’s atomvåben over de næste 30 år. Og de er ikke de eneste.
Alle disse penge kunne gøre gavn til udvikling hos de millioner af mennesker, som lever i fattigdom.
Det er et historisk svigt, at milliarderne bruges til udvikling af våben, mens mennesker dør af sult og sygdomme eller er på flugt.
6) FN’s Generalforsamling vedtog den 7. juli 2017 en traktat, som forbyder alle atomvåben.
Traktaten pålægger de lande, der underskriver og ratificerer den, ikke under nogen omstændigheder at udvikle, afprøve, fremstille eller på anden måde anskaffe sig eller lagre atomvåben.
Den forbyder enhver anvendelse af atomvåben og ulovliggør trusler om anvendelse af sådanne våben. Landene forpligter sig til ikke at deltage i aktiviteter, der kan fremme udvikling og brug af atomvåben.
7) 122 af FN’s medlemslande, det vil sige to tredjedele, stemte for traktaten. Ét land stemte imod, og et andet land undlod at stemme, mens et mindretal på 69 lande boykottede både forhandlinger og afstemning om forbuddet.
Traktaten er udformet sådan, at den træder i kraft, så snart 50 af FN’s medlemslande har ratificeret den.
Siden vedtagelsen i juli 2017 har 81 lande underskrevet og 38 lande ratificeret den.
8) Samtlige atommagter og deres allierede – det vil sige hele NATO – boykottede forhandlingerne og har ikke underskrevet.
Danmark har ofte støttet processer, der kan fremme nedrustning af atomvåben, men den danske regering deltog heller ikke i forhandlingerne i FN og har følgelig heller ikke underskrevet og ratificeret traktaten. Endnu!
Anders Samuelsen svarede på den tidligere regerings vegne, at atomvåben kan bruges som afskrækkelse og som en del af NATO's strategi. Og om nødvendigt at bruge dem.
Men NATO skaber ikke større tryghed med atomvåben. Tværtimod.
9) En borgergruppe med udgangspunkt i Fredsministeriet har startet en underskriftindsamling. Målet er 50.000 underskrifter og dermed at pålægge Folketinget at diskutere tilslutning til FN's forbud mod atomvåben.
Det bør være en let sag, hvis vi alle skriver under og deler budskabet. Men det har vi ikke gjort til nu. 284 har de første to uger skrevet under. Med det tempo vil det tage 352 uger. Alle må bidrage, hvis det skal lykkes.
10) Nu står vi her – ved Peblingesøen. På Slotspladsen står Fredsvagterne. Andre steder står lokale fredsgrupper. Der er arrangeret en fredskonference på Christiansborg 21. september.
Et enkelt fatalt tryk på den røde knap i Rusland, Pakistan, USA eller Israel kan det få fatale konsekvenser for hele menneskeheden. Derfor skal alle atomvåben skal forbydes og destrueres.
Vi skal ikke længere stå – vi skal gå. Ud på landevejene, på gader og pladser. Ud til medierne. Ud til unge. Ud i beboerhusene og forsamlingshusene. Ud til politikere og meningsdannere.
Danmark skal i front mod atomvåben. Norden skal i front mod atomvåben.
Vi har gjort det før – vi kan gøre det igen.
Hiroshima at 75
By Kate Hudson The United States dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima 75 years ago today. It remains an act of barbarism unparalleled in the history of war – and its use was never a necessity.
...By the time the bomb was ready for use, Japan was ready to surrender. As General Dwight Eisenhower said, Japan was at that very moment seeking some way to surrender with minimum loss of face, and “it wasn’t necessary to hit them with that awful thing.” So if Japan was ready to surrender, why were the bombs dropped? A significant factor in the decision was the United States’ desire to establish its dominance in the region after the war. Those planning for the postwar situation believed that this required US occupation of Japan, enabling it to establish a permanent military presence, shape its political and economic system and dominate the Pacific region without fear of Japanese resurgence. But Japanese resurgence was no longer the US’s key strategic concern; its main concern above all, was the Soviet Union in the postwar world, both in Asia and in Europe...
...Modern research findings clearly demonstrate that from April 1945 on, top American officials calculated that using the atomic bomb would enormously bolster US diplomacy vis-a-vis the Soviet Union in negotiations over both postwar Europe and Asia. The atomic bomb was not, in fact, initially brought to Truman’s attention because of its relationship to the war against Japan, but because of its likely impact on diplomacy...
Syv ting du ikke vidste om bomberne over Hiroshima og Nagasaki
TV2 d. 6: august - 2020 af Peter Møller
Der er nu gået 75 år, siden USA kastede to atombomber over Japan. I dag har mange af de historier, man fortalte i årene derefter, ændret sig radikalt. Atombomberne over Hiroshima og Nagasaki satte for 75 år siden et brændende punktum for Anden Verdenskrig. I ved vi godt, at et hvidt lysglimt, brændende hede og en gigantisk trykbølge er lig med et atomvåben, men menneskene i Hiroshima og Nagasaki anede ikke, hvad der ramte dem. Få dage efter bomberne var blevet kastet, overgav Japan sig, fordi kejserriget ikke længere kunne se nogen gevinst ved at fortsætte kampene.
I de 75 år, der er gået siden de to bomber blev kastet, har mennesker ikke brugt atomvåben mod hinanden. Så i dag virker bomberne over Hiroshima og Nagasaki som fjern fortid for de fleste, men vi er næsten alle sammen vokset op med truslen om, at de kan blive brugt igen.
Årene siden de to bomber har også bragt klarhed over en række ting, og der er stadig detaljer ved de to bomber, der kan virke overraskende. Dem kan du finde nogle af her.
What Europeans believe about Hiroshima and Nagasaki—and why it matters
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
By Benoît Pelopidas, Kjølv Egeland, August 3, 2020
...Fourth, it is not clear that the atomic bombs were in fact responsible for the Japanese surrender. The Japanese
In fact, according to the US Air Force’s own review, finalized not long after the end of the war, Japan would likely have surrendered that same autumn even in the absence of atomic bombings or an invasion. Similarly, the Joint Chiefs of Staff expressed skepticism about the use of atomic bombs both before and after the fact...
...European views on the atomic bombings of Japan. Asked to note their agreement or disagreement with the statement that “the atomic bombings of Japan in World War II shortened the war significantly,” 23 percent of respondents to the October 2019 survey “strongly” agreed, 29 percent “somewhat” agreed, 31 percent reported no opinion, 9 percent “somewhat” disagreed, and 8 percent “strongly” disagreed. In other words, while 52 percent of respondents expressed support for the idea that the war was significantly shortened by the atomic bombings, only 17 percent pushed back against that idea...
...Finally, asked to note their agreement or disagreement with the statement that “the atomic bombings of Japan in World War II killed innocent civilians,” 71 percent of respondents to the 2019 survey “strongly” agreed, 14 percent “somewhat” agreed, 12 percent expressed no opinion, and less than 5 percent “strongly” or “somewhat” disagreed...
...However, there is clear relationship between degree of faith in the Stimson narrative and support for the abolition of nuclear weapons. Respondents who said the atomic bombings shortened the war significantly, were necessary to bring about the Japanese surrender, or saved American soldiers’ lives were significantly more likely to believe that the abolition of nuclear weapons would “make the world less safe” compared to those who did not express such views...
Exploding Nuclear Budget
Exploding Nuclear Budget
The Just-Released Numbers for New Bombs
Posted on Thursday, February 27, 2020
Posted by Joseph Rodgers, Tri-Valley CAREs’ Policy Analyst
National Nuclear Security Administration’s Fiscal Year 2021 Budget Request:The Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) has just released itsdetailed budget request for Fiscal Year (FY)2021, which starts on October 1stof this year. The NNSA will use the requested fundingto “modernize,” or redesign, U.S. nuclear warheads. The NNSA request is20% higher than last year’s requestand more than50% higher than theannual fundinglevel when President Trump took office in 2016.
US staged ‘limited’ nuclear battle against Russia in war game
Nuclear-news d. 25/2 - 2020
US staged ‘limited’ nuclear battle against Russia in war game
The Pentagon has briefed about the simulated exchange in a move that could signal readiness to fight and win nuclear conflict, Guardian, Julian Borger in Washington, Tue 25 Feb 2020 The US conducted a military exercise last week which simulated a “limited” nuclear exchange with Russia, a senior Pentagon official has confirmed.The war game is notable because of the defence department’s highly unusual decision to brief journalists about the details and because it embodied the controversial notion that it might be possible to fight, and win, a battle with nuclear weapons, without the exchange leading to an all-out world-ending conflict.
The exercise comes just weeks after the US deployed a new low-yield submarine-launched warhead commissioned by Donald Trump, as a counter to Russian tactical weapons and intended to deter their use.
The IPB supports the Peace Wave, August 6-9, 2020
Vi säger nej till kärnvapen!
FN:s medlemsstater har förhandlat fram ett avtal om förbud mot kärnvapen. Men Sverige har inte skrivit under. Detta trots att dagens kärnvapen är farligare än någonsin. Styrkan i moderna kärnvapen är många gånger starkare än de atombomber som fälldes över Hiroshima och Nagasaki för över 70 år sedan. Kärnvapen är ett hot mot hela mänskligheten och vår planet. De humanitära konsekvenserna av ett nytt kärnvapenkrig går inte att överblicka. Att Sverige står upp mot kärnvapen och för nedrustning är därför viktigare än någonsin. FN-avtalet sätter press på kärnvapenstaterna och påminner dem om deras nedrustningslöften.
One Year of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Spending Would Provide 300,000 ICU Beds, 35,000 Ventilators and Salaries of 75,000 Doctors
Newsweek d. 26/3 - 2020
af Matthew Impelli
The amount of money spent in one year by the U.S. on nuclear weapons could instead provide 300,000 ICU (intensive care unit) beds, 35,000 ventilators and 75,000 doctors' salaries, according to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)--a "coalition of non-government organizations promoting adherence to and implementation of the UN [United Nations} nuclear weapon ban treaty."...
70 år efter opfordringen i Stockholm om et forbud mod atomvåben: vi har en pligt til at handle og magten til at vinde eliminering af atomvåben
le Mouvement de la Paix d. 25/3
oversat med Google
Den 19. marts 1950 lancerede Verdensfredsrådsmødet i Stockholm en appel: ”Vi kræver det absolutte forbud mod atomvåben, et terrorvåben og masseudryddelse af befolkninger. Vi kræver etablering af streng international kontrol for at sikre, at denne foranstaltning anvendes. Vi mener, at regeringen, der først bruger atomvåben mod ethvert land, vil begå en forbrydelse mod menneskeheden og bør behandles som en krigsforbryder. Vi opfordrer alle mænd med velvilje i verden til at underskrive denne appel.
Denne opfordring til et absolut forbud mod atomvåben har samlet hundreder af millioner underskrifter over hele verden.
I 70 år har vi vundet mange slag mod masseødelæggelsesvåben: biologiske våben forbudt i 1972, kemiske våben forbudt i 1993, fem traktater om oprettelse af atomvåbenfri zoner mellem 1959 og 1996, traktatens ikrafttræden nuklear ikke-spredning (NPT) i 1970, ikrafttrædelse af traktaten om omfattende forbud mod nuklear test i 1996 (TICEN) og vedtagelsen af ??TIAN (traktaten om nuklear våbenforbud) i 2017 ved FN.
Dette er konkrete resultater, der skal krediteres dette opkald, der har inspireret fredsbevægelsens handlinger siden da. Nu er vi i stand til at vinde fra 2020/2021 kampen om TIAN's ikrafttræden og dens anvendelse, som vil indlede den endelige eliminering af atomvåben.
Mennesket er fuldt ansvarligt for oprettelsen af ??atomvåben. Han har pligt til at udføre sin eliminering
Som et resultat bekræfter vi, 70 år efter Stockholm-appellen, uopsætteligheden af ??at fjerne disse farlige, umenneskelige, afskyelige, ulovlige og dyre våben, der truer selve menneskehedens eksistens.
Vi bekræfter, at deres eliminering er et fælles behov for hele menneskeheden og et vigtigt skridt for at fremme alle folks sikkerhed og velvære og udvikle en fredskultur, der er nødvendig for at opfylde folks grundlæggende ambitioner. at leve i fred og opbygge en civilisation af fred, der giver hele menneskeheden sundhed, økologisk og økonomisk sikkerhed i en sammenkoblet verden.
Fjernelse af atomvåben ville frigøre ressourcer, som verden haster med at øge budgetterne til alt, hvad der vedrører sundhedssikkerhed (WHO, hospitaler osv.) Og mindske de militære budgetter, der bidrager til vores usikkerhed. .
Michelle Bachelet, De Forenede Nationers menneskerettighedschef, og Filippo Grandi, De Forenede Nationers højkommissær for flygtninge, siger: "Covid-19 er en test ikke kun for vores sundhedssystemer og vores reaktionsmekanismer smitsomme sygdomme, men det er også en test på vores evne til at samarbejde som et samfund af nationer i lyset af en fælles udfordring. ”
Skal vi ikke tilføje, at en verden fri for sine 16.000 atombomber i dette 70-års jubilæum for verdens mest berømte opkald ville være en handling mod livets væsentlige værdier?
76% af franskmennene går ind for Frankrigs engagement i processen med at eliminere atomvåben (IFOP-undersøgelse juni 2018: La Croix, Peace Movement, Planète Paix). På globalt plan er der dannet en enorm front til fjernelse af nukleare våben: 122 stater inklusive Vatikanet, De Forenede Nationer, Det Internationale Røde Kors, alle fagforeningsorganisationer på globalt plan, et globalt netværk af borgmestre for fred. , tusinder af foreninger og netværk over hele verdenen, ICAN-kampagnen (Nobel Prize 2017).
Det er alle i deres land ansvar at agere for ratificering af traktaten om forbud mod kernevåben for at få alle stater, som de ratificerer og anvende traktaten om nuklear våbenforbud (TIAN) ) som træder i kraft, så snart den er ratificeret af 50 stater (36 gjorde det den 25. marts 2020).
Som Albert Camus sagde den 8. august 1945 i Bekæmpelse "Det er ikke længere en bøn, men en ordre, der skal gå fra folk til regering, ordren om at vælge endeligt mellem helvede og fornuft".
Vi har en pligt til at handle og kraften til at vinde eliminering af atomvåben!
25. marts 2020
Fredsbevægelsen
UN disarmament confab to be postponed 1 year due to coronavirus
The Mainichi d. 13/3 - 2020
Japans National daily Since 1922
NEW YORK/VIENNA (Kyodo) -- A U.N. conference on nuclear disarmament
slated to be held from late April will likely be pushed back one year,
diplomatic sources said Thursday, the latest international gathering to
be affected by the coronavirus outbreak.
The review conference on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty had been
set to take place from April 27 to May 22 in New York, marking the 50th
anniversary of the landmark agreement taking effect...
...Held every five years, the review conference provides a platform for
nuclear weapons states such as the United States, Russia and China to
hold discussions with non-nuclear weapons states.
But there has been a growing rift between members who in 2015 were
unable to adopt a consensus document amid a disagreement over whether to
declare the Middle East a "nuclear weapons-free zone."
The review conference is also an opportunity for aging survivors of the
atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to spread their pacifist
message...
Læs hele artiklen
Why is the Doomsday Clock the closest its ever been to Midnight?
Center for the Study of Existential Risk d. 5/3 - 2020
Explained by the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists' President and CEO,
Rachel Bronson, in this Public Lecture for the Centre for the Study of
Existential Risk (CSER) at the University of Cambridge.
What does 'Midnight' mean? What goes into assessing the Doomsday Clock
time? And how confident should we be in that time? Rachel Bronson talks
about the history of the Clock and how its evolved, the most recent time
changes - how did we get to 100 Seconds To Midnight? - the main issues
now, and what that means for our shared future.
Se video
50 år efter ikrafttrædelsen af ??traktaten om ikke-spredning af nuklear energi - Det haster med at ratificere traktaten om forbud mod atomvåben
Paris, 03/03/2020
Fredsbevægelsen
Oversat med Google
I anledning af 50-års jubilæum for ikrafttrædelsen af ??den nukleare ikke-spredningstraktat NPT (5. marts 1970) glæder fredsbevægelsen sig over det faktum, at i henhold til NPT og dens artikel 6, en traktat om forbud mod atomvåben (TIAN) blev vedtaget i FN den 7. juli 2017, derefter underskrevet af 81 stater og hidtil ratificeret af 35 stater.
Da man ved, at denne traktat om forbud mod nukleare våben vil træde i kraft efter dens ratificering af 50 stater, opfordrer fredsbevægelsen Frankrig og alle verdens stater til at underskrive, ratificere og anvende traktaten om forbud mod nukleare våben. Denne traktat vil gøre det muligt at komme ind i en fase af konkretisering af en generel, progressiv og kontrolleret nuklear nedrustning, der er omhandlet i artikel 6 i NPT (2), der trådte i kraft for 50 år siden.
Med aktivister fra hele verden deltager hundrede franske mænd og kvinder med fredsbevægelsen i april og maj 2020 i FN i New York i arbejdet med NPT-revisionskonferencen og demonstrerer foran nationerne United kræver, at alle statschefer ratificerer TIAN.
Fredsbevægelsen opfordrer det franske folk, hvoraf 76% går ind for nuklear nedrustning (4), til at intensivere aktioner til ratificering af TIAN og bidrage til succes for det internationale forum for fred og nuklear nedrustning arrangeret i Paris i regi af Collectif National en Marche pour la Paix lørdag 4. april 2020 kl. 17 på arbejdsudvekslingen.
Paris, 03/03/2020
Fredsbevægelsen
Note 1: Præambel til NPT
De underskrivende stater, som Frankrig angiver i præamblen, at de er ”Ønske om at fremme international tilbageholdelse og styrkelse af tilliden mellem staterne for at lette ophør med fremstilling af nukleare våben, likvidation af alle de eksisterende bestande af nævnte våben og eliminering af nukleare våben og deres leveringsmidler fra nationale arsenaler under en traktat om generel og fuldstændig nedrustning under streng og effektiv international kontrol, "I det følgende afsnit husker de underskrivende stater, at De Forenede Nationers pagt skal stater i deres internationale forbindelser afholde sig fra at gribe til truslen eller magtanvendelsen, enten mod den territoriale integritet eller den politiske uafhængighed af en stat eller af enhver stat ellers uforenelig med FN's formål, og at etablering og opretholdelse af fred og sikkerhed bør fremmes uredelighed ved kun at aflede minimumet af menneskelige og økonomiske ressourcer fra verden til våben ”
Note 2 - NPT's artikel 6
I traktatens artikel 6 hedder det, at "Hver af parterne i traktaten forpligter sig til at forhandle i god tro forhandlinger om effektive foranstaltninger, der vedrører den tidlige ophør af kernevåbenløbet og om nuklear nedrustning, og om en generel og komplet nedrustningsaftale under streng og effektiv international kontrol ”
Atomvåben er ulovlige, ubrukelige militært, farlige, dyre og moralsk uacceptable. Det eneste alternativ til deres spredning er deres eliminering for i sidste ende at undgå den nukleare apokalypse.
Note 3: Artikel 1 i traktaten om forbud mod nukleare våben
"Forbud 1. Hver deltagerstat påtager sig under ingen omstændigheder:
a) udvikle, teste, producere, fremstille, på anden måde erhverve, besidde eller opbevare nukleare våben eller andre nukleare eksplosionsanordninger;
(b) overførsel til nogen, hverken direkte eller indirekte, atomvåben eller andre nukleare eksplosionsanordninger eller kontrol med sådanne våben eller eksplosionsanordninger;
c) Accepterer hverken direkte eller indirekte overførsel af nukleare våben eller andre nukleare eksplosionsanordninger eller kontrol med sådanne våben eller sådanne eksplosionsanordninger;
(d) Brug eller truer med at bruge nukleare våben eller andre nukleare eksplosionsanordninger;
(e) At hjælpe, opmuntre eller tilskynde nogen på nogen måde til at udøve en aktivitet, der er forbudt for en statspart i henhold til denne traktat;
f) anmode om eller modtage hjælp fra nogen på nogen måde til at udøve en aktivitet, der er forbudt for en statspart i henhold til denne traktat;
g) Tillad implantering, installation eller udrulning af nukleare våben eller andre nukleare eksplosionsanordninger på dets område eller på ethvert sted under dens jurisdiktion eller kontrol. "
Note 4: Ifop-undersøgelse / Planet fred / fredsbevægelse 2018
Nuclear warfare: How Sweden and Germany plan to curb the threat
DW d. 24/2 - 2020
With the nuclear threat seemingly growing, a nonproliferation treaty is being put to the test. Sixteen states hoping to strengthen the agreement held talks last year in Stockholm — now they are to meet again in Berlin...
...Much to do in Berlin
Indeed, a number of concrete proposals were already developed in Stockholm that the Initiative's 16 participants want to bring to the conference in New York. For example, they want to increase the amount of advance warning that must be given before a nuclear weapon can be used on enemy territory.
The Stockholm Initiative also wants all nuclear powers to adhere to a "no first use policy" for nuclear weapons, and is hoping that the states at the New York conference will formally agree to the wording that "a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought."
After their initial meeting in Stockholm, the participants agreed their collective goal was "a world without nuclear weapons." Now they want to further refine those goals in Berlin, precisely so they do not show up to the nuclear nonproliferation conference in New York on April 27 empty-handed.
Closer than ever: It is 100 seconds to midnight
2020 Doomsday Clock Announcement Washington, D.C. d. 23/1 - 2020
Humanity continues to face two simultaneous existential dangers—nuclear war and climate change—that are compounded by a threat multiplier, cyber-enabled information warfare, that undercuts society’s ability to respond. The international security situation is dire, not just because these threats exist, but because world leaders have allowed the international political infrastructure for managing them to erode.
Signature/ratification status of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
ican november 2019
The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons opened for signature at United Nations headquarters in New York on 20 September 2017 and will remain open indefinitely. Once 50 nations have ratified or acceded to it, it will enter into force.
There are currently 80 signatories and 33 states parties.
Full
text of the treaty (adopted 7 July 2017)
Further
information on national positions
Guide
to signing and ratifying the treaty
Progress
towards ratification
Mikhail Gorbachev: World in ‘colossal danger’
BBC d. 4/11 - 2019
The former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev has warned that current tension between Russia and the West is putting the world in "colossal danger" due to the threat from nuclear weapons.
In an interview with the BBC's Steve Rosenberg, former President Gorbachev called for all countries to declare that nuclear weapons should be destroyed.
Strangelove redux: US experts propose having AI control nuclear weapons.
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists d. 30/8 - 2019
Hypersonic missiles, stealthy cruise missiles, and weaponized artificial intelligence have so reduced the amount of time that decision makers in the United States would theoretically have to respond to a nuclear attack that, two military experts say, it’s time for a new US nuclear command, control, and communications system. Their solution? Give artificial intelligence control over the launch button...
...History is replete with instances in which it seems, in retrospect, that nuclear war could have started were it not for some flesh-and-blood human refusing to begin Armageddon. Perhaps the most famous such hero was Stanislav Petrov, a Soviet lieutenant colonel, who was the officer on duty in charge of the Soviet Union’s missile-launch detection system when it registered five inbound missiles on Sept. 26, 1983. Petrov decided the signal was in error and reported it as a false alarm. It was. Whether an artificial intelligence would have reached the same decision is, at the least, uncertain...
...But Lowther and McGiffin say a hypothetical US system would be different than Dead Hand because “the system itself would determine the response based on its own assessment of the inbound threat.“ That is to say, the US system would be better, because it wouldn’t necessarily wait for a nuclear detonation to launch a US attack.
Lowther and McGiffins artikkel
Dr. Adam Lowther is Director of Research and Education at the Louisiana Tech Research Institute (LTRI) where he teaches deterrence strategy, NC3 History, and Integrated Tactical Warning and Attack Assessment in several nuclear command, control, and communication courses for the U.S. Air Force. He served in several nuclear strategy and policy positions within the federal government and began his career in the U.S. Navy.
Curtis McGiffin is Associate Dean, School of Strategic Force Studies, at the Air Force Institute of Technology and an adjunct professor for Missouri State University’s Department of Defense and Strategic Studies where he teaches strategic nuclear deterrence theory and NC3 education. He is a retired U.S. Air Force colonel with over 26 years of service, including 17 years serving within the nuclear enterprise.
Faren for atomkrig har aldrig været større, men vi har lukket øjne og ører for det.
Bragt i den trykte udgave af Jyske Vestkysten d. 31/7 -
2019 og i den elektroniske udgave d. 1/8 - 2019
klik
her
I 80’erne vidste folk, at det kunne gå galt - I dag er det gemt væk.
For blot 10 år siden talte Obama om at skrotte alle
atomvåben.
Nu mener den sikkerhedspolitiske rådgiver John Bolton og
en række republikanske
senatorer, at enhver traktat, der begrænser USA er en
ulempe.
Tidligere forsøgte man at skabe
sikkerhedsforanstaltninger mellem USA og Rusland
med et netværk af informationsudveksling, konsultationer
og specifikke kanaler for at
forhindre eskalering af uundgåelige hændelser.
Reagan og Gorbatsjov udtalte i 1985: "En atomkrig kan
aldrig vindes og må aldrig
udkæmpes.”
Situationen i dag:
I NATO taler man om, at det skal være muligt som de første
at bruge atomvåben.
Pentagon har udtalt, at man skal kunne modsvare et
cyberangreb med atomvåben.
USA har talt om at bruge mindre atomvåben i en “almindelig
krig”.
Udviklingen af nye våben, der er vanskelige at opdage og
hurtigere, øger risikoen for
krig ved en fejl.
Det behøver ikke at være sådan!
D. 7/7 - 2017 vedtog 122 lande i FN et forbud mod
atomvåben.
Danmark var ikke medunderskriver på forbudet - det skal vi
være!!
Vær med til at skabe bevægelse om dette. Deltag d. 6/8
kl. 20 i Heerups Have.
Tilmeld dig på Facebook, del begivenheden og inviter dine
venner.
Den eneste måde, hvorpå vi kan beskytte os mod atomvåben, er ved at forbyde dem.
Poul Eck Sørensen, formand Esbjerg Fredsbevægelse
Secret locations of US nuclear weapons in Europe accidentally leaked
‘These bombs are stored at six US and European bases’,
says Nato committee report
Independent d. 17/7 - 2019 af Samuel Osborne
The secret locations of US nuclear weapons stored in
Europe have been accidentally revealed in a report
published by a Nato committee.
The document referred to the sites of roughly 150 American
nuclear weapons.
“These bombs are stored at six US and European bases —
Kleine Brogel in Belgium, Büchel in Germany, Aviano and
Ghedi-Torre in Italy, Volkel in The Netherlands, and
Incirlik in Turkey,” a section of the report seen by
Belgian newspaper De Morgen said...
Læs
hele artiklen
Amerikanske borgmestre opfordre enstemmigt en kommende amerikansk præsident til at forhindre en atom krig, at komme tilbage til diplomatiet og forhandle om eliminering af atomvåben.
Resolution unanimously adopted by the U.S. Conference of Mayors, July 1, 2019 at its 87th Annual Meeting in Honolulu (www.usmayors.org) CALLING ON ALL PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES TO MAKE KNOWN THEIR POSITIONS ON NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND TO PLEDGE U.S. GLOBAL LEADERSHIP IN PREVENTING NUCLEAR WAR, RETURNING TO DIPLOMACY, AND NEGOTIATING THE ELIMINATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
se resulutionen på deres hjemmeside.
A World without Nuclear Arms…Control
crisd, Center for International Relations and Sustainable Development, Horizons Summer 2019 / Issue No. 14
Thomas M. Countryman is Chairman of the Arms Control Association and a former U. S. Assistant Secretary of State for International Security and Nonproliferation. You may follow him on Twitter @TMCountryman.
Within two years, we may face a complete lack of constraint on Russian and American nuclear arsenals. What can be done to avert that situation, and how can we manage to preserve strategic stability in the absence of arms control agreements?
What a difference a decade makes. Ten years ago, the prospects looked positive for reducing the existential risk nuclear weapons pose to the human species. President Barack Obama’s Prague speech of April 2009 laid out a vision of a world without nuclear weapons, conceding that it would require decades, and proposed first steps in that direction. His series of Nuclear Security Summits lowered the risk that terrorists, or other non-state actors, could ever acquire sufficient fissile material to make a nuclear weapon. The Russian Federation and the United States concluded the New START treaty in 2010, lowering the total size of their nuclear arsenals to a level not seen since the 1950s, and both sides continue to implement the agreement faithfully. And also in 2010, 180 countries that gathered to review the operation of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) reached an unprecedented level of consensus on additional steps in that direction.
Today, a fifty-year trend of reducing the size, diversity, role (and risk) of nuclear arsenals has been reversed. Political paralysis and re-ignited great power competition has created the likelihood that, by 2021, there will be no bilateral restraints on Moscow and Washington’s arsenals, which still comprise well over 90 percent of the world’s 14,000 nuclear weapons.
Växande hot om kärnvapenkrig
Världs Horisont
Svenska FN-fôrbundet - En bättre värld nr. 2 2019
Två minutter i midnat
Artificial intelligence and nuclear command and control
IISS-Americas d. 26/4 - 2019 af Mark Fitzpatrick
former Executive Director of IISS–Americas
The reliance on artificial-intelligence technologies by command-and-control systems poses myriad risks, writes Mark Fitzpatrick. As demonstrated during an IISS tabletop exercise, such technologies are vulnerable to malevolent actors in ways that threaten strategic stability...
Grænsestridigheder mellem venner
JP d. 25/4 - 1999
Nederst i artiklen:
"Den tyske udenrigsminister, Joschka Fischer, har udarbejdet for en erklæring om, at NATO ikke vil være den første part i en konflikt, der bruger atomvåben.Imidlertid fastholder NATO retten til at være fleksibel -og med andre ord retten til at bruge atomvåben først."
--------------------
ICAN CITIES APPEAL
“Our city/town is deeply concerned about the grave threat that nuclear weapons pose to communities throughout the world. We firmly believe that our residents have the right to live in a world free from this threat. Any use of nuclear weapons, whether deliberate or accidental, would have catastrophic, far-reaching and long-lasting consequences for people and the environment. Therefore, we support the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons and call on our government(s) join it.”
----------------------
City Councillors propose nuclear
weapons divestment for New York City
Move the Nuclear Weapons Money
International Camping
d. 27/6 - 2019
Move the Nuclear Weapons Money welcomes the initiative of New York City Council members Daniel Dromm, Helen Rosenthal and Ben Kallos to call on New York City to divest from companies involved in the production of nuclear weapons, and to reaffirm New York City as a Nuclear Weapons Free Zone.
On June 26, the city councillors introduced Resolution 976 calling on the City Council to make such a policy decision, and Initiative 1621 under which the City would establish an advisory committee to examine nuclear disarmament and issues related to recognizing and reaffirming New York city as a nuclear weapons-free zone.
The council declared New York to be a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in 1983 with the adoption of Resolution 364 which prohibits the production, transport, placement or deployment of nuclear weapons within the territorial limits of New York City, and the adoption of Resolution 568 which declared that no ship be permitted to bring nuclear missiles into the harbour of New York.
Konflikten mellem Parkistan og Indien blev heldigvis løst fredeligt med konfliktløsning.
Februar 2019
Nedenstående er naturligvis ikke vores opfattelse, men den er medtaget for at vise hvad modstannderne af nedrustning tænker.
A Nuclear First Strike Should Still Be an Option for America
Blomberg Opinion d. 5/2 - 2019
If the U.S. pledged not to use nuclear weapons unless attacked, it would actually make the world a more dangerous place.
...This debate is not entirely new. President Barack Obama considered a no-first-use declaration, but it was strenuously opposed by top cabinet officials and U.S. allies in both Asia and Europe. Obama wisely dropped the idea. Nothing in the basic calculus of the situation has changed since then.
The use of nuclear weapons remains the most important issue we face as a civilization. It is thus especially important that U.S. policy both engage with allies and reflect the lessons of game theory and nuclear weapons. Analytically speaking, the No First Use Act is weak. For the U.S., first-strike capability remains a valuable option.
Top Democrats introduce bill to prevent U.S. from striking first with nuclear weapons
the Washington Post d. 30/1 - 2019
Legislation introduced by Democratic lawmakers in the House and Senate on Wednesday would bar the United States from using a nuclear weapon unless attacked with one first, demonstrating growing momentum for anti-nuclear sentiments on the left in the lead-up to the 2020 presidential election.
Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.), a 2020 presidential contender, and Rep. Adam Smith (D-Wash.), the chairman of the House Armed Services Committee, introduced the No First Use Act in their respective chambers to codify in law what they said “most Americans already believe — that the United States should never initiate a nuclear war.”
The text of the bill is simple, saying only that “it is the policy of the United States not to use nuclear weapons first.” But while the measure has support among many Democrats and could pass through the House, it probably would not get enough Republican backing to win approval in the Senate.
Production of W76-2 warhead in US increases risk of nuclear conflict, warns Lavrov
Tass d. 30/1 - 2019
Russia’s proposal to resume strategic stability dialogue with the US remains on the table, the top diplomat stressed
MOSCOW, January 30. /TASS/. Production of the W76-2 warhead in the United States lowers the threshold of using nuclear weapons and increases the risk of a nuclear conflict, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov told a news conference in Moscow on Wednesday.
USA ønsker at kunne bruge "små" atomvåben i krig.
US nuclear weapons: first low-yield warheads roll off the production line
The Guardian d. 28/1 - 2019
New type of weapon, ordered by Trump’s nuclear posture review, could make conflict more likely, say experts...
...The new weapon, the W76-2, is a modification of the existing Trident warhead. Stephen Young, a senior Washington representative of the Union of Concerned Scientists, said its yield had most likely been cut by taking away one stage from the original two-stage, W76 thermonuclear device.
“As best we can tell, the only requirement is to replace the existing secondary, or second stage, with a dummy version, which is what they do every time they test fly a missile,” Young said, adding that the amount of tritium, a hydrogen isotope, may also be adjusted. The result would be to reduce its explosive power from 100 kilotons of TNT, to about five – approximately a third of the force of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima...
...Melissa Hanham of the One Earth Future foundation
pointed out that adversaries would have no way of knowing
if a full-force Trident was being fired at them, or its
low-yield cousin.
The latest major Trump resignations and firings
Read more
“Hey all you nuclear powers out there. We’re just going to trust that you recognize this is “just a little nuclear weapon” and won’t retaliate with all you’ve got,” Hanham wrote in a tweet. “Remember! The US only intends to nuke you “a little bit.””...
Hjort udelukker ikke atomvåben mod Rusland
fra DR kl. 6:24 torsdag d. 14/2 - 2019
USA har udelukket atomvåben. Natos øverste chef har udelukket atomvåben.
Men den danske forsvarsminister, Claus Hjort Frederiksen (V) vil ikke på forhånd fjerne dette kort fra bordet, når Natos medlemslande drøfter et svar på en ny trussel fra Rusland.
Exclusive: Here Is A Draft Of Trump’s Nuclear Review. He Wants A Lot More Nukes.
His first Nuclear Posture Review: more nukes, more posturing.
Huffpost d. 1/11 2018
In his first year in office, President Barack Obama gave a landmark address in Prague in which he famously affirmed “clearly and with conviction America’s commitment to seek the peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons.” The commitment to total nuclear disarmament was a major departure from the George W. Bush administration — the first time, in fact, that the United States had declared a nuclear-free world a major policy goal...
...The logic of those pushing for the development of smaller nukes is that our current nuclear weapons are too big and too deadly to ever use; we are effectively self-deterred, and the world knows it. To make sure other countries believe that we’d actually use nuclear force, the thinking goes, we need more low-yield nukes.
But official language around nuclear weapons is slippery and euphemistic. “Low yield” suggests a softer sort of weaponry, diet nukes, until you realize that the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were technically “low-yield” weapons.
Trump’s NPR draft euphemizes the euphemism, referring to low-yield weapons as “supplements” that will “enhance deterrence.” The document claims that Russia is threatening to use these smaller nuclear weapons; the U.S. needs to match and deter the Russians in kind.
What goes unmentioned is that we already have over 1,000 nuclear warheads in our arsenal with low-yield options, to say nothing of the fact that the more nuclear weapons you introduce into the world, the more likely it is that they’ll one day be used...
I ovenstående er blileder af tekst der taler omfleksibel brug af atomvåben.
End the First-Use Policy for Nuclear Weapons
By James E. Cartwright and Bruce G. Blair
The New York Times d. 14/8 - 2016
Throughout the nuclear age, presidents have allowed their senior commanders to plan for the first use of nuclear weapons. Contingency plans were drawn to initiate first strikes to repel an invasion of Europe by the Soviet Union, defeat China and North Korea, take out chemical and biological weapons and conduct other missions...
...But beyond reducing those dangers, ruling out first use would also bring myriad benefits. To start, it would reduce the risk of a first strike against us during global crises. Leaders of other countries would be calmed by the knowledge that the United States viewed its own weapons as deterrents to nuclear warfare, not as tools of aggression...
...China and India adopted this policy long ago, and the American people overwhelmingly support it, according to a recent survey. In that poll, two-thirds say the United States should use nuclear weapons only in response to a nuclear attack or not at all, while just 18 percent think that first-use may be justified sometimes....
“At a time when global anxieties about nuclear weapons are higher than at any time since the Cold War, measures for disarmament and arms control are more vital than ever,” Thomas Markram, Deputy High Representative for Disarmament Affairs, told the opening of the 2018 session of the UN Disarmament Commission, held in New York.
UN news d. 2/4 - 2018
Dismantling the Doomsday Machines
Antiwar.com by John V.
Walsh
Posted on January 18, 2019
Klip fra artiklen.
om atomvinter:
...Nuclear Winter and the Destruction of Humanity. But the damage does not stop there. This is the surprise that the Pentagon did not understand at the time. The ash from the fires of burning cities would be cast up into the stratosphere so high that it would not be rained out. There it would remain for at least a decade, blocking enough sunlight that no crops would grow for ten years. That is sufficient to cause total starvation and wipe out the entire human race with only a handful at most able to survive. This is Nuclear Winter. It is eerily reminiscent of Kubrick’s Doomsday Machine which resulted in a cloud of radioactivity circling the earth and wiping out all life. Nuclear Winter was first understood in the 1980s, but at that time careful assessment of the existing computer models seemed to indicate that it was not likely and so many "stopped worrying." Now with the interest in Global Warming, new and better computer models have been developed. When the results of a nuclear first strike are put into these models, Nuclear Winter again makes its appearance as Brian Toon, Alan Robock and others have shown. The TED talks of Toon and of Robock describing their findings are worth watching; they are brief and well-illustrated. We are confronted with a genocide of all or nearly all humanity, an "Omnicide."
The launch of the 1600 "deployed" warheads of either the US or Russia is sufficient to give us nuclear winter. So we in the US have put in place a weapon system on hair trigger alert commanded by we know not whom which can kill virtually all Americans – along with most everyone else on the planet. We have on hair trigger alert a weapon which is in fact suicidal. Use the weapon and we lose our very existence. We should also be clear that even if we prescind from the effects of nuclear winter, the nuclear attacks would be concentrated on Russia and the US. So most of us would be consumed. Thus MAD (Mutual Assured Destruction) is replaced with SAD (Self-Assured Destruction)....
Om hvordan man kan fjerne "første slags muligheden"
....Abandoning First Strike Policy and Capacity. Dismantling the Doomsday Machine with its Hair Trigger Alert and Delegation does mean abandoning a First Strike policy and capacity. And right now, only two countries have such First Strike capacity and only one, the US, refuses to take the right to use it "off the table" even when not under attack. What does the elimination of First Strike Capacity mean in practice; how can it be achieved? This turns out to involve two basic steps for the US.
Dismantling the Minuteman III. First, the land-based ICBMs, the Minuteman III, must be entirely dismantled, not refurbished as is currently being undertaken at enormous cost. These missiles, the land-based part of the Strategic Triad, are highly accurate but fixed in place, "sitting ducks"; they are only good for a First Strike, for they will be destroyed in a successful First Strike by an adversary. Former Secretary of Defense William Perry and James E. Cartwright, formerly head of the Strategic Air Command and Vice Chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, have both called for dismantling the Minuteman III. We would thereby also save a lot of money.
Reducing the SLBM Force. The second step in dismantling the First Strike capacity is to reduce the Trident Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) force to the level where it cannot destroy the entire Russian land-based missile force. With these two measures in place the US would no longer have a First Strike Capability, and so Launch on Warning and Delegation upon apparent Decapitation would both be unnecessary. It is that simple.
Of course, the Russians would also need to take similar measures that take into account the specifics of its arsenal. And that is where negotiations, treaties and verification come in. That in turn cannot take place in the current atmosphere of Russiagate and Russophobia, which is why both are existential threats and must be surmounted. We must talk despite our differences, real or perceived.
However, were the US and Russia to abandon their First Strike capacity, a reasonable deterrent could be preserved. Such a deterrent should be far below the threshold for a nuclear winter. When Herbert York, one of the original nuclear war planners and strategists, was asked how many nuclear weapons it would take to guarantee deterrence, he suggested somewhere between one and one hundred, closer to one, perhaps ten. Of course, such a small number demands giving up on a missile defense system which has been a will-o’-the-wisp since the 1950s. But would a leader of any nation, even one equipped with an Anti-Ballistic Missile system, when confronted with 100 nuclear warheads facing him or her, be willing to risk ten getting through and demolishing 10 cities?
But there is a deep problem here. The US at least has not built its nuclear forces with the simple object of deterrence. It has had the policy of being able to strike first and destroy or sufficiently degrade the Russian force so that there would be no retaliation. Ellsberg establishes that definitively based on his own experience in his days as a nuclear war planner. But this is also a will-o’-the-wisp. With Launch on Warning and Delegation both sides would be destroyed. So, this path must be abandoned. However, it is a path that has been trod for a long time. It has acquired many adherents and become embedded in the thinking of our "strategic war planners." It will be hard to abandon this way of thinking which is what will make the simple steps outlined above politically difficult although technically and logistically quite simple. Moreover, in the mind of the public there is no clear distinction between First Strike and simple deterrence. And many favor a nuclear deterrent. So the movement for total abolition of nuclear weapons has a long way to go to reach its destination...
Marie Krarup om Putins nye atomvåben: Rusland er ikke længere en fuld, halvdød mand i ringhjørnet
Berlingske d. 1/3 - 2018
Vesten skal vænne sig til, at Rusland vil være en stormagt, der har viljen til at forsvare landets interesser. Det mener Dansk Folkepartis forsvarsordfører, efter at den russiske præsident har meldt ud, at Rusland har nye atomvåben, der ikke kan stoppes af atomskjold.
Den russiske præsident, Vladimir Putin, meddelte torsdag i en tale, at Rusland som reaktion på USAs raketskjold har udviklet nye atomvåben, der ikke lader sig stoppe af fjentlige atomskjold. Han siger, at Rusland kun vil bruge atomvåben som svar på et atomangreb på Rusland eller landets allierede.
Men den russiske oprustning skal snarere ses som et udtryk for, at man er parat til at forsvare egne interesser, end en ekspansiv strategi...
læs hele artiklen - kræver abonnement
Putin praler af sine helt nye atomvåben: Ingen fjende kan stoppe dem
BT d. 1/3 - 2018
Præsident Vladimir Putin siger, at Rusland har testet en række af nye atomvåben, som ikke vil kunne stoppes af fjendtlige raketskjold.
Som reaktion på USA's raketskjold har russerne lanceret nye rakettyper - blandt andet store interkontinentale raketter og nye typer af torpedoer. Ingen af disse våben vil kunne stoppes af eksisterende raketskjold, siger Putin.
Den russiske præsident, der havde viet omkring halvdelen af sin tale til at tale om våben og sikkerhedspolitik, understreger, at Rusland ikke har til hensigt at angribe noget land.
- Ruslands egen nukleare doktrin indebærer, at atomvåben kun anvendes som forsvar mod atomangreb, fastslår han, og gør det klart, Rusland vil opfatte et atomangreb på dets allierede som et atomangreb på Rusland...
'Doomsday Machine' author Daniel Ellsberg says Americans have escaped self-annihilation by luck
PBS NewsHour på Youtube d. 21/12 - 2017
The military analyst turned whistleblower who leaked the Pentagon Papers looks at the existential threat of America’s nuclear capacities in his new memoir, “The Doomsday Machine.” Very little has changed, says author Daniel Ellsberg, when it comes to what he calls the immoral and insane policies regarding nuclear weapons. William Brangham sits down with Ellsberg to discuss the looming danger.
Doomsday Clock 2018, hvor videnskabsfolk fortæller hvor tæt vi er til atomar udslettelse
Independent d. 24/1 - 2018
Mange af verdens mest anerkendte forskere vil være vært
for en ceremoni for at annoncere tiden på Doomsday Clock -
et udtryk for, hvor meget fare menneskeheden er i.
Klokken er sat til 2 min i kl. 24, den har ikke siden 1953
været sat så tæt på kl. 24.
Er tryghed stadig vigtig?
AF: POUL ECK SØRENSEN ESBJERG FREDSBEVÆGELSE,
WILLEMOESGADE 29, ESBJERG
Jyske Vestkysten d. 18/9 2018 kl. 13:56
Læserbreve.
Er tryghed stadig vigtig? Hvis ja, bliver vi nødt til at forholde os til autonome dræberrobotter/droner. I FN forhandler en række lande og NGO'er, om der skal være et forbud mod autonome dræberrobotter, men det går trægt. Danmark deltager slet ikke i forhandlingerne. Hvis vi ikke får stoppet produktionen af de autonome dræberrobotter/droner, vil det blive alt for let at slå et andet menneske eller en gruppe af mennesker ihjel, uden man kan finde gerningsmanden/gerningsmændene.
Droner, der kan slå et menneske ihjel, behøver ikke at være større end en lille fugl. Disse droner kan flyve i store sværme og kommunikere med hinanden - så det kan være meget vanskeligt at undgå dem. Autonome robotter/droner er udstyret med kunstig intelligens (AI), der tænker langt hurtigere end mennesker. Kunstig intelligens kan selv udvikle sin intelligens. Således har robotter kunnet udvikle et andet sprog til kommunikation, da menneskets sprog var for langsomt.
I krig er hurtige beslutninger noget, man kan vinde en krig med. Derfor er det fristende at overlade krigens beslutninger til superhurtige dræberrobotter, men det vil betyde, at en atomkrig lettere vil kunne starte ved en fejl. Derfor kom og hør vort gadeteater om autonome dræberrobotter på FN's fredsdag den 21. september klokken 17.00 og klokken 17.30 i Heerups Have ved Hotel Britannia i Esbjerg.
A collection of the Bulletin’s best writing on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
By John Mecklin | Analysis, Collections, Nuclear Risk, Nuclear Weapons
Bulletin of the Atomc Scientist august 2018
It’s been 73 years since the Bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and, a few days later, on Nagasaki, Japan. That week in August changed the world forever; ever since, the global nuclear arsenal has risen and dropped, but the nuclear threat has not, by any means, dissipated. Here’s a collection of Bulletin articles that provide some ideas and observances to remember and think about as the world navigates, once again, a particularly dangerous period of the Nuclear Age.
Nuclear abolition: Protesters confront Livermore Lab on Hiroshima anniversary
Peoples's World d. 10/8 - 2018
LIVERMORE, Calif.—Hundreds gathered outside the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory here Aug. 6, to mark the 73rd anniversary of the devastating U.S. nuclear bombing of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and to pledge a greatly stepped-up fight to abolish nuclear weapons worldwide.
Peace advocates see global nuclear disarmament as an ever more urgent issue now, in the face of the Trump administration’s Nuclear Posture Review, released last February.
Rally speakers brought the demonstration’s call to action—No Nukes! No Walls! No Wars! No Warming!—to life as they linked today’s urgent struggles and examined decades of historical context.
Keynote speaker Daniel Ellsberg, the whistleblower whose 1971 release of the Pentagon Papers helped speed the end of the Vietnam War, highlighted the concept of “time, time enough, and too late” in relation both to climate change and nuclear apocalypse.
He linked the alarms raised by climate scientists who see looming “tipping points” after which change is impossible, with Martin Luther King Jr.’s April 1967 observation concerning nuclear weapons: “There is such a thing as too late.”
Illustrating his point with accounts of the captain of the Titanic sealing his ship’s doom by ignoring repeated warnings, and the choices which might have averted total nuclear devastation of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Ellsberg said, “The meaning I draw from it is, every minute we have here is precious, everything is at stake, we don’t know if it is too late to keep those trees from dying in a nuclear winter. That means each of us has the opportunity to do what we can to postpone that, avert that, make it less likely forever. And that is worth doing.”
He called on the crowd “to act as if we still have time to change this. We don’t know otherwise; it’s impossible to say it’s too late at any given point.”
Hiroshimadagen d. 6/8 - 2018
Tale og sang fra den årlige mindehøjtidelighed i Heerups Have i Esbjerg
Familiekanalen interview med Poul Eck Sørensen om atomvåben d. 5/9 - 2018
se Video - klik her.
Atomkrig i Europa er blevet mere sandsynlig under den nye kolde krig.
Af Poul Eck Sørensen, Esbjerg Fredsbevægelse
Vestkysten d. 20/6 - 2018
Læserbrev:
De lande, der har atomvåben og NATO-landene, støtter ikke
et forbud mod atomvåben, selv om 122 lande i FN d. 7/7
2017 underskrev en historisk traktakt med et forbud mod
Atomvåben.
Er vi gode venner med den stærkeste militær magt i verden, er vores sikkerhed garanteret.
Sådan er det ikke længere. USA's militær industrielle kompleks ønsker krige, da det giver øgede indtægter. Våbensalget er steget betragteligt i Mellemøsten. USA er det land i Verden der eksportere flest våben (33% i 2017).
Vi har forpligtiget os til at undgå krige og drab på civile. Krige skaber ikke mere demokrati og bedre livsvilkår. Man kan ikke sige, at Irak er blevet et bedre land at bo i - tværtimod.
Under den gamle kolde krig underskrev USA og Sovjet flere aftaler, der skulle sikre fred i Europa. Nu er det modsat. Der opbygges fjendebilleder på usaglig grundlag, der opsiges aftaler, der bygges baser hele vejen rundt om Rusland. Ruslands militære magt overvurderes stærkt og sidst men ikke mindst, russiske og amerikanske politikker truer INF aftalen. Med INF aftalen blev mellemdistanceraketter i Europa skrottet af Sovjet og USA for at mindske faren for en atomkrig i Europa.
Derfor er det vigtigere end nogen sinde at være med til at støtte op om modstanden mod atomvåben, hvilket du kan gøre i Heerups Have 6. august kl. 20.
DR forklarer hvorfor USA må have atomvåben, når andre ikke må
Jan Øberg d. 10/6 - 2018
...Læseren får blandt andet at vide at:
1. “Den ganske simple forklaring på, hvorfor USA må have atomvåben, når så mange andre ikke må, er, at de var først.” …. “Det er historiens tilfældighed, der spiller ind”…..og “De (USA og de andre atomstater) var først ude. Derfor blev de til atomvåbenstater, som er anerkendt af det internationale samfund i dag.”
Dvs at USA var først til at udvikle og bruge dem, artiklen indledes med reference til Hiroshima. At have været først til at “smide” – et ord der poppet giver associationer til noget tilfældigt henkastet og ikke til massemord – atomvåben skulle altså i sig selv indebære en slags særlig ret til at have dem i dag i forhold til alle andre lande, der ikke har smidt atomvåben på nogen?
Jeg måtte læse denne af journalisten uden videre accepterede forklaring på USAs særstilling flere gange.
2. Aftalen om Ikke-Spredning af Atomvåben (NPT) fra 1968 tjener et ganske anderledes formål end den i virkeligheden gør: “Kernen i aftalen er accepten af, at nogle har atomvåben, og andre ikke har”…”I den traktat blev grundstenen lagt til en accept af, at nogle må have atomvåben, mens andre ikke må.”
Det er ganske enkelt ikke sandt.
En vidende journalist ville have spurgt eksperten hvad i alverden hun mener med det.
Aftalen gør lige det modsatte – hvad enhver der gider at søge på nettet og f.eks. bruge Wikipedia kan forvisse sig om. Den gør det folkeretsligt bindende at a) lande, der ikke har atomvåben skal afstå fra at anskaffe dem mod at få hjælp med civil atomkraftteknologi; b) de lande, der har atomvåben skal påbegynde forhandlinger, der kan lede frem til atomvåbnenes afskaffelse og ‘generel og fuldstændig nedrustning.’
Aftalens formål er således at der skal skabes en verden, der er atomfri. Den indeholder ikke noget, der kan give anledning til den – horrible – påstand at her lægges grunden til at nogen må have atomvåben og andre ikke.
Kan en medarbejder ved Forsvarsakademiets være så uvidende om Ikkespredningsaftalen?
Har journalisten gjort så lidt research at hun ikke indser at udsagnet er – vel, fake news?
Har de to misforstået hinanden?
Hvem lader dette bedrageri passere på public service, som oplysning til danskerne om atomvåbnene og USAs rolle?...
Vi er tættere på en atomkrig end nogensinde
Jyske Vestkysten d. 5/2 - 2018 - klik her
Bragt i Arbejderen d. 13/2 - 2018
Jeg kan godt forstå det, hvis du tænker. Det er for langt
ude. Men prøv at læse artiklen fra New York Times d. 16/1
– 2018: ”Pentagon Suggests Countering Devastating Cyberattacks With Nuclear Arms.”
Her beskrives hvordan Pentagon, hvis USA bliver udsat for
et voldsomt cyberangreb, foreslår, at man må kunne straffe
med atomvåben.
Man har ikke beviser på et cyberangreb fra Rusland, men
det nævnes så tit, at det efterhånden er blevet en sandhed
alligevel.
Tanken om en begrænset atomkrig mod Rusland var jo årsagen
til at præsident George W. Bush i 2001 opsagde den
såkaldte ABM-traktat fra 1972, traktaten for
anti-ballistiske missiler. Herefter har USA placeret
anti-missilsystemer rundt om Rusland, da man i USA tror,
at man på den måde kan ramme Rusland med atomvåben uden
selv at blive ramt af dem. Siden opsigelsen af
ABM-traktaten har USA bygget sin atomdoktrin på NUTS,
Nuclear Use Theory.
Våbenindustrien og private hærenheder skal tjene penge og
de er ligeglade med menneskeliv, blot de kan sælge flest
mulige våben og det kræver bestikkelse og krig (kilde
f.eks. filmen: The Shadow World http://filmcentralen.dk/alle/film/shadow-world-bag-om-den-internationale-vabenhandel#),
så derfor nedsættes tærsklen for, hvornår en krig /
atomkrig kan startes.
Poul Eck Sørensen, formand for Esbjerg Fredsbevægelse.
Nuclear Disarmament Briefing Paper
by John Burroughs, J.D., Ph.D.,
Fellow of The Simons Foundation
February 26 , 2018
Trump’s Nuclear Posture Review: A Call to Nuclear Arms The U.S. Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) released February 2, 2018
views the world as a dangerous, lawless environment, marked by military competition among great powers. As to nuclear disarmament, the most the Trump NPR offers is a grudging general acceptance of arms control measures for purposes of stability and predictability with perfunctory references to the “long - term goal of eliminating nuclear weapons” and to pursuit of “political and security conditions that could enable further nuclear reductions.”
It thus stands in marked contrast to the 2010 review conducted by the Obama administration, which committed the United States to seek the eventual achievement of a world free of nuclear weapons and addressed how to succeed in that endeavor in some detail. Instead, it resembles the 2001 review done under the George W. Bush admi nistration.
The Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) is a process “to
determine what the role of nuclear weapons in U.S.
security strategy should be
Nuclear
Posture Review se Wikipedia
Link
til rapporten.
Link
til pdf-filen fra denne side.
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
Forsvarsministeriet USA - Februar 2018
Læs det amerikanske forsvarsministeriums syn på atomvåben
Pentagon Suggests Countering Devastating Cyberattacks With Nuclear Arms
The new York times d. 16/1 - 2018
by David E Sanger and William J. Broad
WASHINGTON — A newly drafted United States nuclear strategy that has been sent to President Trump for approval would permit the use of nuclear weapons to respond to a wide range of devastating but non-nuclear attacks on American infrastructure, including what current and former government officials described as the most crippling kind of cyberattacks.
For decades, American presidents have threatened “first use” of nuclear weapons against enemies in only very narrow and limited circumstances, such as in response to the use of biological weapons against the United States. But the new document is the first to expand that to include attempts to destroy wide-reaching infrastructure, like a country’s power grid or communications, that would be most vulnerable to cyberweapons.
The draft document, called the Nuclear Posture Review, was written at the Pentagon and is being reviewed by the White House. Its final release is expected in the coming weeks and represents a new look at the United States’ nuclear strategy. The draft was first published last week by HuffPost.
It called the strategic picture facing the United States quite bleak, citing not only Russian and Chinese nuclear advances but advances made by North Korea and, potentially, Iran.
2018 UN High-Level Conference
on Nuclear Disarmament
The United Nations has decided to hold a High Level Conference on Nuclear Disarmament in 2018 in order to enhance progress toward the achievement of a nuclear weapons convention – a global treaty to prohibit and eliminate nuclear weapons.
Similar UN High Level Conferences held over the past few years have been very successful, including the conference on Sustainable Development (2015) which achieved agreement on 17 Sustainable Development Goals; Climate Change (2015) which achieved theParis Agreement; Refugees and Migrants (2016) which achievedthe New York Declaration and Oceans (2017) which achieved the 14-point Action Plan to Protect our Oceans.
UNFOLD ZERO, in cooperation with the Basel Peace
Office, PNND and
Abolition 2000, are building civil society,
parliamentary and government support for the 2018 UN High
Level Conference on Nuclear Disarmament, and to influence
the agenda and ensure success.
Ideas proposed for the agenda of the 2018 UN Conference:
Encouraging states to ratify the Treaty on the
Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons;
Calling on the nuclear-armed States (and allied states) to
adopt measures at the conference on nuclear-risk reduction
and transparency, including lowering the operational
readiness to use nuclear weapons, and adopting
no-first-use policies;
Moving the nuclear-armed States to announce, at the
conference, an end the modernisation of nuclear weapons,
and new agreed cuts in their stockpiles;
Renewing the UN process an establishing a Middle East
Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone;
Supporting the establishment of a North East Asian NWFZ.
Developments:
The Parliamentary Assembly of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe – which includes the parliaments of France, Russia, UK, USA, all NATO countries and other European Countries – has called ‘on all participating OSCE States to participate in the 2018 UN international conference on nuclear disarmament at the highest level, to include parliamentarians in their delegations to the conference and to pursue the adoption of nuclear risk reduction, transparency and disarmament measures at the conference.’ See OSCE Parliamentary Assembly calls for nuclear weapons stand-down.
A joint cross-party letter on Dialogue,
detente and nuclear disarmament, sent from European
parliamentarians to NATO and the OSCE leaders on July 14,
2017, includes a call on NATO and OSCE to support the 2018
UN High Level Conference.
Documents:
UN
Resolution 71/71 (2016), re-affirming the decision
to hold the UN High Level Conference on Nuclear
Disarmament;
UNFOLD
ZERO working paper on the NPT and the 2018 UN High Level
Conference
Food
for thought paper on the NPT, Ban Treaty and the 2018
UNHLC
Events:
Consultation
meetings on the UN HLC, January – March
2017
New
York
Geneva
Vienna
Berlin
London
Washington
DC
Side-event
at the 2017 NPT Prep Com in Vienna
The Ban Treaty and the 2018 UN High Level Conference,
side-event on June 30, 2017, at the UN during the ban
treaty negotiations
Join the Abolition 2000 working group:
Abolition 2000, the global network to eliminate nuclear weapons, has established a Working group on the 2018 UN High Level Conference. To join the working group contact info@baselpeaceoffice.org
En atomkrig vil udover de direkte ofres pinefulde død medføre en atomvinter med sultg der vil udslette næsten resten af alt liv på jorden.
Frederikshavns Lokalradio d. 4/11 - 2017
Hør videnskabsmanden og fredsaktivisten John Scales Avery
fortælle om faren for en atomvinter med udslettelse af
livet på vor jord hvis vi får krig med brug af atomvåben.
Men det glæder Avery, at ICAN,
Den internationale kampagne for forbud imod kernevåben har
fået Nobels fredspris for indsatsen for FN-forbuddet mod
Atomvåben. Derfor opfordrer han indtrængende den danske
regering som et første skridt,
at den danske regering og Folketing tilslutter sig
FN-traktaten om forbud mod atomvåben. Interviewet med John
Scales Avery foregik d. 4. november 2017.
(FLR-Dialog d. 5. december 2017)
Interview d. 4. december 2017 med naturvidenskabsmanden
John Scales Avery, der bl.a skriver bøger, som kan hentes
i det danske Fredsakademiet.dk og arbejder for
atomnedrustning i Pugwash, der tidligere har
fået Nobels fredspris.
Nej til FN-forbud
Danmark er parat til at bruge atomvåben
Danmarks stol ved FN-forhandlingerne om et forbud mod atomvåben står tom. Regeringen vil ikke sende en repræsentant. Danmark har nemlig – sammen med NATO-landene – sagt nej til at forbyde atomvåben.
Arbejderen d. 17/5 - 2017
...Det stod klart, da udenrigsminister Anders Samuelsen på et samråd i Udenrigsudvalget for nylig skulle forklare, hvorfor Danmark ikke bakker op om FN's forhandlinger om et forbud mod atomvåben, som startede op i marts.
– Danmark ønsker at være i kernen af NATO i spørgsmålet om et forbud mod atomvåben. Alliancesolidariteten er vigtig for den danske regering. Derfor kan Danmark ikke støtte en forbudstraktat mod atomvåben. Vi er en del af en gruppe lande, der har atomvåben som en mulighed. Det ville være uheldigt, hvis det kun er fjenden, der har atomvåben, lød begrundelsen fra udenrigsministeren...ele artiklen
Se vores folder om atomvåben - 31/8 - 2017
Forbud mod atomvåben
vedtaget i FN
d. 7/7 - 2017
Traktat om forbud mod Atomvåben
FN's nyhedsformidling om afstemningen:
Treaty adopted on 7th July 2017
United Nations Conference to Negotiate a Legally Binding
Instrument to Prohibit Nuclear Weapons, Leading Towards
their Total Elimination
FN d. 7/7 - 2017
Background information
Treaty adopted on 7th July 2017
United Nations Conference to Negotiate a Legally Binding
Instrument to Prohibit Nuclear Weapons, Leading Towards
their Total Elimination
Background information
By resolution 71/258, the General Assembly decided to convene in 2017 a United Nations conference to negotiate a legally binding instrument to prohibit nuclear weapons, leading towards their total elimination. The Assembly encouraged all Member States to participate in the Conference and decided that it shall convene in New York, under the rules of procedure of the General Assembly unless otherwise agreed by the Conference, with the participation and contribution of international organizations and civil society representatives. The Conference will be held in New York from 27 to 31 March and from 15 June to 7 July. The Conference held a one-day organizational session in New York on 16 February 2017.
The decision to convene the Conference followed from the recommendation of the open-ended working group on taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations, convened pursuant to resolution 70/33. The open-ended working group, chaired by Ambassador Thani Thongphakdi (Thailand), specified in its report that a legally binding instrument to prohibit nuclear weapons would establish general prohibitions and obligations as well as a political commitment to achieve and maintain a nuclear-weapon-free world. The primary mandate of the open-ended working group was to address concrete effective legal measures, legal provisions and norms that would need to be concluded to attain and maintain a world without nuclear weapons.
Global traktat om forbud mod atomvåben er blevet vedtaget i FN
Politikken d. 7/7 - 2017
Diplomat: Verden har ventet på denne juridiske norm i 70 år - siden de første atombomber blev anvendt i Japan.
En global traktat om et forbud mod atomvåben blev fredag vedtaget i FN trods modstand fra USA og andre atommagter, som boykottede forhandlingerne.
Elayne Whyte Gome, der leder den FN-konference, hvor traktaten er blevet forhandlet, siger, at det er den første multilaterale aftale om et stop for atomvåben i 20 år.
Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park
Hiroshima Gembaku Dome
Foto: Richard Cassan, The Memorial Cenotaph at the
Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. flicker, link
til billede
Foto: Maarten Heerlien,
link til bilede på flickr
Peace Flame
The Peace Flame is another monument to the victims of the
bomb that destroyed Hiroshima, but it has an additional
symbolic purpose. The flame has burned continuously since
it was lit in 1964, and will remain lit until all nuclear
bombs on the planet are destroyed and the planet is free
from the threat of nuclear annihilation.
Foto: Douglas Sprott,
Link til billede på flickr
The Children's Peace Monument is also called the "Tower of Thousand Cranes,"
for many thousands of folded paper cranes are offered there all through the year. The origin of the three-legged monument (tower) can be traced back more than five decades. On the twenty-fifth of October 1955, ten years after the end of the war, a first-year student at Nobori-cho Junior High School named Sadako Sasaki died of an A-bomb disease (leukemia) in the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital. Until the end she was hoping for recovery because of a popular belief which says that "folding a thousand paper cranes will bring good luck." The sudden outbreak of her A-bomb disease and her death gave her classmates a great shock. They realized all the more keenly the horrer of the A-bomb. Because of this her classmartes decided to erect a monument to comfort Sadako's soul and to express their desire for peace. The idea spread and was supported by people all over Japan; this became a large movement so that finally the monument came into being. It was unveiled on Children's Day, May 5, 1958. The sponsor was the "Hiroshima Children and Students Association for the Creation of Peace."
At the top of the 9-meter-high monument there is a bronze statue of a girl stretchinbg her arms up in the air and holding a golden crane, conveying hope for a peaceful future. Two statues, one on the right and one on the left side of the monument symbolize a boy, a girl, and bright hope. A bell, modeled after an ancient bronze bell, hangs inside the tower. It was contributed by Dr .Hideki Yukawa, winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics, who was much moved by the feelings of the boys and girls. A golden crane suspended from the bell creates the sound of a windbell. On the front Earth and in the Heavens" is written in Dr. Yukawa's handwriting. However, the bell and a golden crane are presently exhibited in the first-floor lobby of the east Building of the East Building of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. Directly under the monument, the words "This is our cry. This is our prayer. For building peace in this world," written by a junior high school student, are carved on a black granite block. Students from over 3,100 schools in Japan as well as in England and nine other foreign countries contributed funds for the monument.
______________________________________
Worldwide deployments of nuclear weapons, 2017
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist
Pages 289-297 | Published online: 31 Aug 2017
Hans M Kristensen og Robert S. Norris
The authors estimate that as of mid-2017, there are nearly 15,000 nuclear weapons in the world, located at some 107 sites in 14 countries. Roughly, 9400 of these weapons are in military arsenals; the remaining weapons are retired and awaiting dismantlement. Nearly 4000 are operationally available, and some 1800 are on high alert and ready for use on short notice. This article reviews the locations of nuclear weapons in all nine nuclear-armed states, as well as those of US weapons deployed outside the United States.
On the mainstream media coverage of nuclear war risks and nuclear abolition
By Jan Oberg, TFF PressInfo # 421
d. 30/6 - 2017
You’re probably an avid consumer of news and reports in one or more daily media – local, national or global. You want to be well-informed and say interesting things when you meet friends and colleagues.
And you certainly don’t want to find out that you’ve been taken for a ride by fake news, half-truths, bias or omissions by media that you trusted because you thought you could.
Now ask yourself whether you remember to have seen one or more of these essentially important initiatives and reports recently, all pertaining to nuclear weapons, the risk of nuclear war and advocacy of nuclear abolition…
Forslag i FN til en juridisk bindende aftale om forbud mod kernevåben
Her kan du læse om de enkeltelandes holdning
Åbent samråd med udenrigsministeren om nedrustning af atomvåben
No nation has the power to block the negotiations. The treaty is not subject to approval by the UN Security Council, where five nuclear-armed nations wield a veto - kilde ican International campaign to abolish nuclear weapons
United Nations Conference to Negotiate a Legally Binding Instrument to Prohibit Nuclear Weapons, Leading Towards their Total Elimination 16 February, 27 - 31 March, 15 June - 7 July 2017 klik her og følg udviklingen.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombing survivors submit the petition with nearly 3 million signatures to the President of the Conference who was joined by the UN High Representative for Disarmament Affairs.
United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA)
Forenede
Nationers Regionale Informationskontor for Vesteuropa.
Her kan du bl.a. læse i
FN-pagten om hvilke spørgsmål Plenarforsamlingen og
Sikkerhedsårdet tager sig af.
Kapitel IV
PLENARFORSAMLINGEN
Sammensætning.
Artikel 9.
1. Plenarforsamlingen består af alle medlemmerne af de
Forenede Nationer.
2. Hvert medlem har højst fem repræsentanter i
plenarforsamlingen.
Funktioner og beføjelser.
Artikel 10.
Plenarforsamlingen kan drøfte alle spørgsmål eller sager
inden for nærværende pagts område eller vedrørende ethvert
af de ved nærværende pagt hjemlede organers beføjelser og
funktioner og kan, med forbehold af bestemmelserne i
artikel 12, fremsætte forslag til medlemmerne af de
Forenede Nationer, til sikkerhedsrådet eller til begge i
alle sådanne spørgsmål eller sager...
Artikel 12.
1. Så længe sikkerhedsrådet med hensyn til en tvist eller
situation udøver de funktioner, der er tillagt dette i
nærværende pagt, kan plenarforsamlingen ikke fremsætte
noget forslag vedrørende den pågældende tvist eller
situation, medmindre sikkerhedsrådet anmoder derom.
2. Generalsekretæren skal, med sikkerhedsrådets samtykke,
ved hver samling underrette plenarforsamlingen om alle
sager vedrørende opretholdelse af mellemfolkelig fred og
sikkerhed, som er under behandling i sikkerhedsrådet, og
skal ligeledes straks, når sikkerhedsrådet ophører med at
behandle sådanne sager, underrette plenarforsamlingen
eller hvis denne ikke er samlet, de Forenede Nationers
medlemmer.
Ex-nuke commanders: Talk to North Korea, open NATO-Russia dialogue
Politico, By Bryan Bender d. 28/6 - 2017
An international group of ex-nuclear commanders Wednesday issued the first in a series of recommendations to world leaders to head off the rising threat of a nuclear war — calling on the Trump administration to open direct talks with North Korea, urging the United States, Russia and NATO to immediately establish military-to-military talks, and calling on India and Pakistan to set up a nuclear hotline.
"The Nuclear Crisis Group assesses that the risk of nuclear weapons use, intended or otherwise, is unacceptably high and that all states must take constructive steps to reduce these risks," the former military and diplomatic leaders — from nations as diverse as Russia, China, India, Pakistan, and the United States — write in an 11-page report about what they consider the biggest nuclear flashpoints.
The crisis group was established earlier this year under the auspices of Global Zero, a leading arms control organization that supports the ultimate abolition of nuclear weapons…
Forbyd atomvåben
Arbejderen d. 24/5 - 2017
Det første udkast til en historisk FN-traktat, der helt forbyder atomvåben, så dagens lys i mandags. 123 lande ud af FN's 193 medlemslande har siden marts forhandlet om at afskaffe disse masseødelæggelsesvåben, der dræber mennesker i flæng. Forhandlingerne skal slutte 7. juli.
Danmarks regering boykotter disse forhandlinger, selvom Danmark har underskrevet NPT-traktaten om ikke-spredning af atomvåben. Der er heldigvis to tredjedeles flertal for aftalen i FN's Generalforsamling, og aftalen vil være et vigtigt skridt i retning af endelig at afskaffe atomvåben.
Danmark, Norge og Island stemte nej til et historisk
forsøg på at afskaffe atomvåben.
Det skete i sidste uge i FNs komite for nedrustning og
international sikkerhed i New York.
Resolutionen indebærer, at der afholdes en konference i
marts måned med det formål at forhandle en juridisk
bindende aftale om et globalt forbud mod kernevåben på
plads.
Jeg er chokeret, dybt chokeret og kan ikke tro mine egne
øren. Jeg troede, det var en selvfølge at enhver dansk
regering vil støtte ethvert initiativ for at fremme en
atomnedrustning. Det ligger udenfor min fantasi at
forestille sig, at der er flertal for en sådan holdning i
Folketinget
Det er ganske uforståeligt, at regeringen har stemt imod
FN-resolutionen, der er særdeles skelsættende. Den
signalerer et stort og positivt skifte i mange års
dødvande i aktiviteterne for atomnedrustning.
Danmark må være i forreste række i denne indsats, ikke
mindst som en naturlig fortsættelse af skiftende
regeringers tilslutning til kravet om Norden som
atomvåbenfri zone. Danmark har ingen interesser i at
opretholde den eksisterende atomtrussel.
Holdningen i FN er den diamentral modsatte af den alle
danske partier, på nær Dansk Folkeparti, gav udtryk for,
da de i EU-parlamentet næsten samtidig stemte om en
resolution om atomnedrustning.
Jeg vil omgående bede den danske udenrigsminister forklare
sig i Folketingets Udenrigsudvalg.
Ifølge Sammenslutningen af Amerikanske Videnskabsmænd
(FAS) findes der i dag omkring 15.000 atomsprænghoveder på
verdensplan.
38 lande stemte nej til FN-resolutionen om at arbejde for
at forbyde atomvåben:
Albanien, Andora, Belgien, Bosnien, Bulgarien, Canada,
Danmark, Estland, Frankrig, Grækenland, Island,Israel,
Italien, Japan, Kroatien, Letland, Litauen, Luxembourg,
Mikronesien, Monaco, Montenegro, Norge, Polen, Portugal,
Rumænien, Rusland, Storbritannien, Serbien, Slovakiet,
Slovenien, Spanien, Sydkorea, Tjekkiet, Tyrkiet, Tyskland,
Ungarn og USA.
123 lande stemte for. 16 undlod at stemme.
Læs mere her:
Regeringen bag dansk atomskandale
Arbejdere d. 30/3 - 2017
Det er en skandale, at den danske regering boykotter den igangværende debat i FN's Generalforsamling om muligheden for at forbyde atomvåben. Og det er for ringe, at oppositionen, som har et komfortabelt flertal i Folketinget, ikke har pålagt regeringen, at deltage.
Der skal ikke meget kendskab til international jura for at nå den åbenlyse konklusion, at Danmark – og de andre lande, der med USA i spidsen boykotter disse møder i FN – handler i strid med NPT-traktaten om ikke-spredning af atomvåben. For i NPT-traktatens artikel VI står det sort på hvidt, at: "Enhver deltager i denne traktat forpligter sig til i god tro at fortsætte forhandlingerne om effektive foranstaltninger til en snarlig standsning af kernevåbenkapløbet og til kernevåbennedrustning"...
Bekendtgørelse af traktat af 1. juli 1968 om ikke-spredning af kernevåben.
This Is What a Nuclear War Would Actually Look Like (HBO)
VICE News d. 21/3 - 2017
As Secretary of Defense under President Clinton, Bill Perry has spent most of his life watching the world prepare for nuclear war. And given the current political climate, he thinks the world isn’t nearly as scared as it should be.
Since the dawn of the nuclear age in the 1940s, most of the worlds nuclear capability was split between the U.S. and Russia. The umbrella of American protection meant that its allies didn’t have to develop nukes of their own.
But that appears to be changing.
President Donald Trump has been less hawkish about standing up to Russia. Now, European Union is reportedly considering a nuclear deterrent of its own. During the first week of March — after reports came out that as he left office, President Barack Obama warned Trump that North Korea would be “the most urgent” problem — North Korea fired four missiles that landed just 200 miles from Japan.
All of this has experts, including Perry, worried about an era of renewed nuclear threat from jittery states and rogue actors. Perry often talks about his nightmare scenario: a small amount of enriched uranium falling into the hands of a terrorist group.
“I think of all of the nuclear catastrophes that could happen, this is the most probable,” the 89-year-old said. “I think, I would say, there’s probably an even chance, this would happen sometime in the next 10 years.”
En verdenskrig er begyndt, bryd tavsheden!
free.21.org d. 22/1 - 2017
af John Pilger
Obama-administrationen udvider med flere atomvåben, flere nukleare anordninger og endnu flere atomkraftværk. Udgifterne alene til de nukleare eksplosive anordninger er under Obamas regeringstid højere end under nogen anden præsident. Udgifterne over en 30 årig periode er steget til mere end en billion dollars. Det provokerer militærkritikere voldsomt i både ind- og udland...
...I 2009 stod præsident Obama foran en tilbedende menneskemængde i centrum af Prag, i Europas hjerte. Han forpligtede sig til, ”at befri verden for atomvåben”. Mennesker jublede og flere begyndte at græde. Medierne flød over med floskler. Derefter fik Obama Nobels fredpris.
Alt er falsk. Han løj.
Obama-administrationen lod flere atomvåben bygge, flere nukleare anordninger, yderligere nukleare….systemer og endnu flere atomkraftværker. Udgifterne alene for de nukleare anordninger under Obama blev højere end under nogen anden præsident. Udgifterne løb op i mere end 1 billion dollars på 30 år.
En atom minibombe er planlagt. Den bærer navnet B61 Model 12. Den finder ikke sin lige. General James Cartwright, en tidligere visechef for den forenede generalstab, sagde: ” - At den er mindre, gør brugen af dette atomvåben tænkelig.”
I de sidste 18 måneder (art. Skrevet i marts 2016) har der langs Ruslands grænse mod vesten været den største oprustning af militære kræfter siden 2. Verdens krig – anført af USA. Siden Hitler marcherede ind i Soviet unionen har ingen udenlandske tropper, så indlysende stillet sig så truende an overfor Rusland.
Ukraine – engang en del af Soviet unionen – er nu blevet en fritidspark for CIA. Siden kuppet i Kiew kontrollerer Washington i grunden et regime, som Rusland hader og som deler grænse med Rusland. Et regime der rent ud sagt er af nedrige nazister. Prominente politikere i Ukraine er politiske opkomlinge af fascister af de berygtede OUN og UPA. Officielt hylder de Hitler og opfordrer til at forfølge og uddrive de russisktalende mindretal...
...Hvad er der blevet af de store traditioner for populære protestbevægelser? Som kommer uden partibevægelserne? Hvor er modet, fantasien og beredskabet som er nødvendigt, for at begynde den lange rejse mod en bedre, retfærdigere og fredeligere verden? Hvor er dissidenterne i kunsten, i film, i teater eller i litteratur?
Hvor er de, der bryder tavsheden? Eller venter vi, indtil den første atomraket er sendt af sted?
Danmark stemte nej til historisk forsøg på at afskaffe atomvåben
JP d. 3/11 -2016
FN tog i sidste uge et »historisk« og »skelsættende« skridt mod et globalt forbud mod atomvåben. Danmark stemte nej på grund af modstand fra atommagterne.
Det var ikke med dansk hjælp, at en aftale om begrænsning og på sigt afskaffelse af atomvåben blev vedtaget i FN.
Sammen med 37 andre lande – herunder Rusland og USA – stemte Danmark nemlig nej til resolutionen, da den i sidste uge var til afstemning i FN's komite for nedrustning og international sikkerhed i New York.
Resolutionen, der af flere organisationer betegnes som skelsættende, indebærer, at der i marts næste år skal afholdes en FN-konference med det formål at forhandle en juridisk bindende aftale på plads. Aftalen skal omfatte et globalt forbud mod kernevåben, og på sigt skal de altødelæggende atomarsenaler helt afskaffes, lyder ambitionen...
US moves nuclear weapons from Turkey to Romania
Euractic by Georgi Goter d. 18/8 - 2016
US moves nuclear weapons from Turkey to Romania
EXCLUSIVE/ Two independent sources told euractiv.com that the US has started transferring nuclear weapons stationed in Turkey to Romania, against the background of worsening relations between Washington and Ankara.
Hiroshima: Was the atomic bomb necessary?
Al Jazeera d. 27/5 - 2016
Mehdi Hasan asks if the US needed to drop the atomic
bombs.
As Barack Obama becomes the first sitting US president to visit Hiroshima, should the United States apologise for dropping the atomic bombs on Japan?
The mainstream view of the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 is that it was needed to force Japan to surrender and bring an end to the war, but a look at history shows that some prominent military commanders and politicians thought otherwise.
In this week's Reality Check, Mehdi Hasan asks if use of the bombs was justified; and as President Obama visits Hiroshima, should the US apologise to the victims of the bombings?
Jan Øberg om USA's nye atomvåben strategi.
Politikere og medier savner aabenbart enhver ekspertise om missilskjoldet til at modstaa Washingtons salgsteknikker
Jan Øberg d. 21/3 - 2015
Åbent brev sendt til 2200 mennesker i Norden herunder 325 danske medieadresser.
Af Jan Øberg
Dr.hc., forskningschef TFF
21. marts 2015
Missilskjoldet tjener til at gøre det muligt at udkæmpe og vinde en atomkrig – ikke at afskrække fra den
Den russiske ambassadørs artikel i Jyllands-Posten kan maaske siges at være bombastisk formuleret men i grunden har han – og ikke udenrigsminister Lidegaard – ret.
Ledende medier som f.eks. Danmarks Radio, Ritzaus og Politiken giver baggrund til missilforsvaret som vidner om total mangel paa fagkundskab om strategi og atomdoktriner.
I stærk kontrast til hvad vi hører om missilskjoldet – som Danmark nu tilsyneladende skal bidrage til – er det det mest de-stabiliserende indslag i atompolitikken siden 1945.
Det kan kun opfattes af Rusland og andre som en provokation.
UN nuke review conference could mark
turning point
The 2015 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Review Conference
A month-long nuclear arms control conference ended in discord May 22nd at the United Nations in New York, but it might likely be remembered as the global gathering at which the majority of the world’s nations unequivocally rejected nuclear weapons.
Look at nuclear weapons in new ways!
TFF PressInfo # 333 d. 6/8 - 2015
By Jan Oberg
It’s absolutely necessary to remember what happened 70 years ago in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, see the movies from then, listen to the survivors, the hibakusa. But it isn’t enough for us to rid the world of these crimes-against-humanity weapons. And that we must.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki is history and it is also the essence of the age you and I live in – the nuclear age. If the hypothesis is that by showing these films, we create opinion against nuclear weapons, 70 years of every more nuclearism should be enough to conclude that that hypothesis is plain wrong.
There is a need for a frontal attack on not only the weapons but on the nuclearism – the thinking/ideology on which they are based and made to look ‘necessary’ for security and peace.
Nuclear weapons – only for terrorists
At its core, terrorism is about harming or killing innocent people and not only combatants. Any country that possesses nukes is aware that nukes can’t be used without killing millions of innocent people – infinitely more lethal than Al-Qaeda, ISIS etc. Since 9/11 governments and media have conveniently promoted the idea that terrorism is only about small non-governmental groups and thus tried to make us forget that the nuclear ‘haves’ themselves practise state terrorism and hold the humanity hostage to potential civilizational genocide (omnicide).
Atomvåbenfri Verden
Austria, backed by 159 nations, calls for ban on nuclear weapons
Reuters d. 29/4 - 2015
UNITED NATIONS | By Louis Charbonneau
...Austria on Tuesday called for banning nuclear weapons because of their catastrophic humanitarian effects, an initiative it said now has the backing of 159 countries...
red.: 159 lande ud af 191 støttede forslaget, men lande med atomvåben og NATO-landene ville ikke støtte forslaget.
Greater U.S. & Russian Cooperation and Leadership Is Necessary to Fulfill NPT
UN May 1, 2015
Article VI Obligations to Reduce and
Eliminate Nuclear Dangers
Statement to the 2015 NPT Review Conference
…This review conference and the key states
with nuclear weapons must recognize that
the world is on the cusp of unconstrained strategic
nuclear competition, which would not
only deepen the distrust and increase dangers, but also
would undermine the NPT.
States parties must also recognize that despite the modest
progress achieved through
New START, the threat of nuclear war between the major
nuclear powers is still with us and would have
catastrophic global impacts…
On April 24th,
The Marshall Islands filed landmark cases in the
International Court of Justice and U.S. Federal District
Court.
The Claim:
The nine nuclear-armed nations have failed
to comply with their obligations, under the Nuclear
Non-Proliferation treaty and customary international law,
to pursue negotiations for the worldwide elimination of
nuclear weapons.
They act for the seven billion of us who live on this
planet to end the nuclear weapons threat hanging over all
humanity.
For a nuclear weapons convention and a nuclear-free world by 2020.
Støt underskriftsindsamling fra Mayors for Peace
2015 NPT Review Conference
Background information
The 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) will be held from 27 April to 22 May 2015 at UN Headquarters in New York. The President-designate of the Review Conference is Ambassador Taous Feroukhi from Algeria.
The NPT is a landmark international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament. The NPT represents the only binding commitment in a multilateral treaty to the goal of disarmament by the nuclear-weapon States...
Final Documents of the 2010 NPT Review Conference
Final Document - Volume I (NPT/CONF.2010/50
(Vol. I))
Part I — Review of the operation of the Treaty, as
provided for in its article VIII (3), taking into account
the decisions and the resolution adopted by the 1995
Review and Extension Conference and the Final Document of
the 2000 Review Conference — Conclusions and
recommendations for follow-on actions
Russia will insist on creating nuclear weapon free zone in Middle East at NPT Conference
TASS 17/04/2015
Russia will insist on establishing a nuclear weapon free zone in the Middle East at the NPT (Non-Proliferation Treaty) Review Conference in New York, head of the Department for non-proliferation and weapons control at the Russian Foreign Ministry Mikhail Ulyanov said on Friday.
Could Iran be the start?
Erika Simpson, Special to Postmedia Network
ifppress.com D. 17/4 - 2015
…In the nuclear non-proliferation treaty, one fatal flaw is the quid pro quo deal in which the nuclear haves agreed to provide uranium and nuclear energy to the have-nots, which would continue to be non-nuclear, and in exchange the haves promised to get rid of their nuclear arsenals and move toward general disarmament. Fifty years ago, diplomats should have foreseen the problems with such discriminatory arrangements…
…All the proliferators that refuse to sign the non-proliferation treaty and accept the strictest safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency — like Israel, India, North Korea and Pakistan — must be sanctioned, not just Iran…
…The good news is there are many regional nuclear-weapon-free treaties around the world, covering large swaths of Central and Latin America, Southeast Asia, Africa and Central Asia. Each commits the states not to deploy, construct, receive or test nuclear weapons on its territory. Already 113 nations — a majority of UN members — have signed or ratified these treaties, and 50% of the world’s land area is governed by them…
…Erika Simpson was a speaker at the World Uranium Symposium and will be a speaker at the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty review conference. She is an associate professor of international relations at Western University and the author of the book NATO and the Bomb…
Vi har modtaget:
Forbyd atomvåben
6. og 9. August var 70 års dagen for, at USA sprængte sine
2 atombomber over Hiroshima og Nagasaki i Japan.
I maj i år afsluttede FN i New York konferencen traktaten
om om ikke-spredning af atomvåben. Det er den eneste
bindende aftale om ikke-spredning og atomnedrustning.
Aftalen er fra 1970. I 2003 meldte Indien, Pakistan,
Israel og Nordkorea sig ud af aftalen.
Der findes i øjeblikket 16.000 atomvåben i verden.
I løbet af den 4 uger lange konference har et stort
flertal af lande og en række humanitære organisationer
udtrykt utilfredshed med at atomvåbenlandene ikke vil
forpligte sig til at tage konkrete skridt for
atomnedrustning.
Det er skuffende, at det ikke kan ske.
Men det er opmuntrende, at der trods alt er 100 lande, som
tilslutter sig et løfte om at arbejde for at forbyde
atomvåben, igangsat af International Campaign for
Abolition of Nuclear Weapons (ICAN).
Det er trist at Danmark ikke er med i denne store gruppe
af lande. Den danske regeringen føler sig mere forpligtet
til at gå i takt NATO end at stille sig klart bag et krav
om at afskaffe atomvåben.
Det er svært at se, hvordan man vil arbejde for at
afskaffe atomvåben uden først at etablere et forbud mod
denne dødsensfarlige våbentype.
NATO-landene, og herunder Danmark, støtter i ord målet om
an verden fri for atomvåben, men så længe den slags våben
findes, vil atomvåben være en del af NATOs
sikkerhedsgaranti.
Den danske regering må sætte sig i spidsten for en global
indsats for forbud mod atomvåben, i stedet for alene at
traske i NATOs fodspor. Der er ingen modsætning mellem at
være tilsluttet NATO og tage selvstændige initiativer.
Desuden bør regeringen være drivende kraft i at sikre en
konference om Mellemøsten uden masseødelæggelsesvåben.
Med de mange kriser rundt i verden er det mere nødvendigt
end nogensinde brug for et forbud mod atomvåben.
Christian Juhl
Abolition of nuclear weapons by 2020,
The 8th General Conference of Mayors for Peace
From August 3 (Sat.) to Augus t 6 (Tue.),
2013, the quadrennial General Conference was successfully
held in Hiroshima city. At the 8 th General Conference
this time, lively discussions were made on concrete
measures toward the abolition of nuclear weapons by 2020,
with 305 participants
in total from 157 cities and municipalities in 18
countries, as well as governments and NGO representatives
under the Keynote Theme of ‘Toward a World without Nuclear
Weapons
-
Conveying the “Spirit of Hiroshima and
Nagasaki” to the World
–
Reports
of the 8th General Conference of Mayors for Peace are
available at our website
Global Action to Wave Goodbye to Nukes!
Governments will meet at the United Nations over four weeks in April-May 2015 for the five-yearly review of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Civil society is calling on governments to end the threat of nuclear weapons by negotiating for their complete prohibition and elimination - a requirement of the NPT.
Assuring destruction forever
Reaching Critical Will has released its latest updated study exploring the ongoing and planned nuclear weapon modernisation programmes in China, France, India, Israel, Pakistan, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
As of April 2015, the nuclear-armed states are estimated to possess approximately 15,650 nuclear weapons. All of them have plans to modernise—upgrade and / or extend the lives of—their nuclear weapons. In Assuring destruction forever: 2015 edition, non-governmental researchers and analysts provide information on each country’s modernisation plans.
“Modernisation is driven largely by the
quest for military advantage,” argue the report editor and
two of its authors in the introduction. It “refreshes the
perceived utility and credibility of nuclear use, both
technically and politically,” and is also a
“legitimacy-making exercise. The greater the investment
and sacrifices necessary, the greater the perceived
legitimacy of nuclear weapons in national policies.”
The overwhelming majority of states have rejected nuclear
weapons. They do not see them as instruments of security
but rather of mutual destruction. Yet unlike the other
weapons of mass destruction, nuclear weapons have not been
categorically banned. Now is the time to address this
anomaly, which has been allowed to persist for far too
long.
The Marshall Islands' Nuclear Zero Cases
in the International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice in The Hague
Photo credit: WikiCommons
On April 24, 2014, the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) filed applications in the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to hold the nine nuclear-armed states accountable for violations of international law with respect to their nuclear disarmament obligations under the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and customary international law. The nine states possessing nuclear arsenals are the United States, United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel.
The cases are founded on the unanimous conclusion of the ICJ in a 1996 advisory opinion, that there “exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leadings to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control.”
The relief requested is a declaratory judgment of breach of obligations relating to nuclear disarmament and an order to take, within one year of the judgment, all steps necessary to comply with those obligations, including the pursuit, by initiation if necessary, of negotiations in good faith aimed at the conclusion of a convention on nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control.
The International Legal Team is headed by the two Co-Agents of RMI: Tony de Brum, Former Foreign Minister, Republic of Marshall Islands, and Phon van den Biesen, an Amsterdam-based lawyer and longtime member of IALANA. Other members of the team (full list here) include John Burroughs, LCNP Executive Director, Peter Weiss, LCNP President Emeritus and IALANA Co-President, and Roger Clark, professor at Rutgers Law School and a member of the LCNP Consultative Council. In a companion case against the United States in U.S. federal court in the Northern District of California, the RMI is represented by the U.S. law firm Keller Rohrback.
Ovenstående er klip fra International Association of Lawyers Against Nuclear Arms (IALANA) om dette
sagsforløbet og domstolen svar
Stormagter lover at skrotte atomvåben
Berlingske d. 24/9 - 2009
Obama og ledere fra andre atommagter pålægger sig selv at stile mod en verden helt fri for atomvåben. Det sker i en bindende FN-resolution.
FN's Sikkerhedsråd godkender på et historisk møde en bindende resolution, der opfordrer alle atommagter til at skrotte deres arsenal.
Vedtagelsen af det amerikanske forslag er enstemmig.
Mødet blev ledet af USA's præsident, Barack Obama, og de øvrige 14 medlemmer var ligeledes repræsenteret af deres stats- eller regeringschef, hvilket er yderst sjældent.
I resolutionen forpligter stormagter sig også til at hindre spredningen af atomvåben.
Atomvinteren
Ingeniøren 5/12 - 2008
Af Jens Ramskov
...I USA har visse kredse argumenteret for, at USA kunne ødelægge Rusland i et overraskelsesangreb, som ikke ville give russerne mulighed for at svare igen. Men et sådant ensidigt angreb vil alene tilføre atmosfæren 85 teragram sod og føre til massehungersnød over hele Jorden. Det er en selvmordsstrategi, mener Toon, Turco og Robock. Selv en begrænset regionalkonflikt, der 'kun' vil tilføre atmosfæren 5 teragram vil give jordkloden en lavere temperatur, end der har været i 1.000 år. Sodmængden vil langt overgå, hvad der blev udsendt ved udbrud af vulkanen Tambora i Indonesien i 1815, som bevirkede, at 1816 i Europa og USA er kendt som året uden sommer...
Nuclear-weapon-free zone
CELAC, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States har i Latinamerika:
Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL) Klik her
African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty: report of the First Committee (A/69/432)
Atomvåben tidligere artikler
Ikke Spredningskonferencen 2005
Det er vanskelige tider for "Ikke Spredningsaftalen"
Se politisk analyse af revisionskonferencen, læs om den dybe uenighed landene imellem.
oversættelse af Ingeborg Roed Hansen for Esbjerg Fredsbevægelse
Repræsentanternes hus i det belgiske parlament ønsker fjernelse af amerikanske atomvåben i Europa.
Repræsentanternes hus i det belgiske parlament har vedtaget en resolution om nedrustning og ikkespredning af atomvåben, der kræver fjernelse af de amerikanske atomvåben, der er opstillet på europæisk jord. Man beder også om, at atomvåben holdes ude af EU’s fælles sikkerhedspolitik. Dette er anden gang, en parlamentarisk forsamling i Europa har krævet fjernelse af amerikanske atomvåben. Det belgiske senat vedtog en lignende resolution den 21. april 2005 lige forud for FN’s revisionskonference om ikkespredningstraktaten (NPT) i New York, som blev en fiasko. Det formodes, at ca. 480 taktiske amerikanske atomvåben er placeret i Belgien, Tyskland, England, Italien, Holland og Tyrkiet. Amerika er i øjeblikket det eneste land, der har atomvåben opstillet på andre landes territorier.
Repræsentanternes hus i det belgiske parlament vedtog resolutionen lige forud for 60-årsdagen for ”Trinity” – den første atombombe, der blev prøvesprængt i ”Jornada del Muerto”-dalen i New Mexico den 16. juli 1945. Siden hen er 2.053 atomvåben blevet detoneret – eller i gennemsnit et hver tiende dag siden 1945.
Pol D’Huyvetter, som er talsmand for ”Mother Earth”, en medlemsgruppe af ”Friends of the Earth International”, meddelte: Denne resolution er en meget god nyhed for de mange mennesker, der har deltaget i vor nedrustningskampagne i mange år. Resolutionen vil hjælpe med til at overbevise vor regering om, at de er nødt til at nedlægge NATO’s atombase ved Kleine Brogel. Denne atombase er en mørk plet på verdenskortet, da basen har kapacitet til at opbevare indtil 20 amerikanske B61-atombomber, som hver især har en sprængkraft, der er 14 gange mere dødbringende end Hiroshima-bomben. Vi har brug for en global traktat, der forbyder disse udryddelsesvåben så hurtigt som muligt. Desværre møder en sådan traktat kraftig modstand fra USA. Men selv uden USA arbejder vi videre, som vi beviser igen i dag, ligesom vi gør med Den Internationale Straffedomstol, Landminetraktaten eller Kyoto-protokollen. En dag bliver de nødt til at rette sig efter det globale krav om en atomvåbenfri verden.
Resolutionsteksten findes på fransk og hollandsk på dette
link.
Kilde: D’Huyvetter, Pol, For Mother Earth Press Release,
15 July 2005.
Oversat af Ingeborg Roed Hansen/13.08.05/
Esbjerg Fredsbevægelse
Tal om atomvåben - august 2005
- Der er 30-40,000 atomvåben i verden idag.
- 95% af dem befinder sig i Rusland og USA.
- Flere konfliktramte regioner har dem, heriblandt Israel
med 100-200.
- 44 lande har adgang til fissilt materiale og den
teknologi hvorved man kan
fremstille disse våben.
- 4,500 springhoveder er i højeste beredskab og klar til
at blive affyret på få
sekunder.
- Der er mere end 3,000,000 kilo højt beriget uran og
plutonium i verden.
- Der er mere end 400 amerikanske atomvåben i Europa.
- Siden 1980 har der været 32 falske alarmer og
fejlfunktioner, der involverede
amerikanske atomvåben.
- Mellem 1940 og 1998 har USA brugt 5.7 milliarder
(5,700,000,000) dollars
på atomvåben.
- USA bruger i øjeblikket 100 millioner dollars på
atomvåben om dagen
Stanislav Petrov redede verden fra en atomkrig.
MOSCOW. May 21
(Interfax) - Retired Russian Lt. Col. Stanislav
Petrov was presented with the World Citizen Award by the
Association of World Citizens on Friday. While was on duty
in the Missile Attack Early Warning command post in
September 1983,
Petrov recognized that the automatic system signaling the
launch of U.S. intercontinental ballistic missiles at the
USSR was
faulty.
"Had Petrov relied on the system and passed on the missile
attack warning, a Soviet retaliatory strike would have
become inevitable and entailed
a universal nuclear disaster. This is
what
the founders of the think of what he did," an official in
the Russian branch of the association told Interfax.
Petrov's action became widely known, in particular in the
West, following the publication of memoirs written by Col.
Gen. Yury Votintsev, former commander of
the Soviet Air Defense's Missile Defense Units, the
official said. The Association of World
Citizens, an international peace and justice organization,
headquartered in San Francisco, CA, was founded in 1975.
It has
branches in 50 countries. Its president
is
Douglas Mattern.
The Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator (RNEP).
BACKGROUND: Since the end of the Cold War, some civilian
military planners and nuclear scientists have promoted the
creation of a new class of earth-penetrating nuclear
weapons. These weapons are sometimes referred to as
"bunker-busters" because they would be designed to burrow
into the ground to destroy underground military facilities
that are protected by 100 to 300 feet of reinforced
concrete or rock. The Energy Department’s budget includes
$27.6 million for the Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator
(RNEP). The RNEP would use an existing nuclear weapon,
redesigned for use against underground bunkers. It would
have explosive power up to 70 times that of the bomb that
destroyed Hiroshima.
RNEP proponents claim that, because the weapon penetrates
the earth before detonating, it would be a "clean" nuclear
weapon. In reality, this would be an extremely deadly
weapon. If detonated in an urban setting, tens of
thousands of people could receive a fatal dose of
radiation within the first 24 hours. More would be killed
or injured by the extreme pressures of the blast and
thermal injuries arising from the heat of the explosion.
Still more casualties would result from the resulting
fires and the collapse of buildings from the seismic shock
that the explosion would produce. According to Sen. Jack
Reed (RI), Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrators, "are really
city breakers, not bunker busters."
The Bush Administration has repeatedly claimed that the
RNEP program is a study and nothing more. However, the
Administration’s intentions regarding RNEP go well beyond
their initial claims. Energy Department budget documents
show funding demands for RNEP increasing dramatically
after this year, despite congressional restrictions on
further development of this program. The initial
three-year study was to cost $45 million, but the
Administration’s proposed spending in the next five years
would total nearly $500 million and move RNEP into early
development and engineering stages.
The Bush Administration is leading the world down the
wrong path. Instead of adhering to our obligations under
the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) by reducing
reliance on the most horrific weapons ever created and
working for global disarmament, the Administration is
seeking new uses for nuclear weapons. Adopting such a
nuclear posture is a step backward and a virtual
invitation for other nations to opt out of their NPT
obligations as well.
Atomkrigen rykker nærmere
Og den har aldrig været tættere på, hvis vi ikke hurtigt får nogle effektive kontrolsystemer.
IAEA-Chef Baradei zum SPIEGEL: "Ich habe Angst davor, dass Atomwaffen in die Hände von Diktatoren oder Terroristen fallen."
The IAEA is the world's center of cooperation in the nuclear field. It was set up as the world's "Atoms for Peace" organization in 1957 within the United Nations family. The Agency works with its Member States and multiple partners worldwide to promote safe, secure and peaceful nuclear technologies.
Spredningen af atomvåben:
USA smed atombomben over Hiroshima and Nagasaki i de
sidste dage af 2. verdenskrig. Sovjetunionen frembragte
succesfulde test 1949.
Storbritanien i 1952
Frankrig i 1960
Kina i 1964
Ikkespredsningstraktaten trådte i kraft marts 1970, The
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
August 2003 er den underskrevet af 188 nationer.
Brændt ved malm, af Brenda Norell.
Cudei, New Mexico-Gilbert Badoni husker hvordan Navajos uran minearbejdere tog deres vandflasker ind i minen og fyldte dem med radioaktivt vand til deres koner for at forberede en formel til deres babyer.
”USA's regering vidste allerede at arbejde i uran minerne ville dræbe Navajoerne, men regeringen slap godt fra det,”sagde Badoni, mellem Navajos organiserede modstand til fjernelse af uran minearbejde på Navajo nationen.
Som barn , levede Badoni med hans familie i en sommerskygge hus i det vestlige Colorados uran mine lejr,hvor Navajoerne blev brugt som forsøgskaniner i den kolde krig.
Badonis far,Harry Badoni døde af kræft efter at have arbejdet i en uran mine ved Slit Rock,Colorado.Nu, Gilberts mor , søster og to brødre som lever i lejren har fået kræft.Gilbert har en lungesygdom.
”Selvfølgelig brugte de os som forsøgskaniner, som en slags national forsvar,”sagde Gilbert Badoni de Navajo mænd som arbejdede i uran minerne havde ikke sikkerhedstøj eller masker til at holde det radioaktive støv ude fra deres lunger.
Badoni husker legen på løbevejen,med vand som vaskede over radioaktivt slam i den tilsølede mine lejr.
Manuel Pino,Acoma Pueblo og professer ved Scottsdale fælles kollegium i Arizona, har kæmpet for retfærdighed i 25 år for uran minearbejderne ved Acoma og Laguna Pueblos.
Under en nylig konference mod uran minearbejde i Shiprock , New Mexico,organiseret af Navajos græsrødder,Pino citerede den seneste Fred Johnson,Navajos byrådsmedlem fra Shiprock,N.M,som døde på mystisk vis i et flystyrt.
”Grundbegrebet-at ødelægge landet-er at ødelægge menneskene.”
Pino havde taget hans besked med til FN, afsløret at indfødte mennesker var blevet brugt som menneskelige forsøgskaniner,som koldkrigs eksperimenter uden hensyntagen til menneskeliv.
Efterladende et følge af død og sygdom,Pino sagde at grupper af kræft er fundet i befolkningsgrupper i Denne i Canada og Dineh(Navajo)og Pueblo i USA.
Indianske nationer har længe været mål til brug for våbenproduktion.Pino siger at den første atombombe brugte uran fra Denne i Canada.Det var testet indenfor 60 mil fra Mescalero Apache reservatet i New Mexiko og var bygget på Pueblo land.Nu ønsker de at opbevare det på det vestlige Shoshone land i Nevada, sagde han.
I det sydvestlige USA, var der omkring 15000 minearbejdere og omtrent en fjerdedel var indfødte amerikanere , som arbejdede for USA's(Vanadium Corporation)stålværk,en hjæper til Union Carbide,(karbid forbund)Kerr-McGee og andre.
Helbredsrisikoen var kendt så tidligt som i 1949 og det blev aldrig fortalt til Navajoerne, i overenstemmelse med ”Hvis du forgifter os: Uran og indfødte amerikanere,”af Peter H. Eichstaedt.
Badoni siger det forarmede uran som bliver brugt i Mellemøsten er en gentagelse af bedraget af Navajoerne, og misbrug af uskyldige.
Det er en sti som leder til kræft og død.
Når Kerr McGee og andre begyndte minearbejde i de fire hjørners region,var Navajoerne uvidende om helbredsfaren og desperate for at få jobs for at overleve.”På det tidspunkt var det kun overlevelse, vi vidste ikke bedre,”sagde Badoni.
”Den kedelige del er at regeringen vidste hele tiden at det ville ødelægge menneskelige nationer.Men de graver det stadig op for våben.Men du blander dig ikke med moder natur.Du takker kun moder natur for hvad hun tillader du må.”
Nu kender Navajoerne ord som silikose (stenhuggerlunge)og fibrose(bindevævssvulst)
Det gør deres slægtninge i nord også,Denerne i Canada,som bar ”pengestenen”på deres rygge, mærket af dødsmarchen ,en langsom optog til deres grave.
I de nordvestlige territorier, Denerne bar på 100 punds malm sække på ryggen .Cindy Kenny –Gilday,datter af en af Denes malm bærere, sagde Navajos byer i sydvest,er nu byer af enker,”
Kenny-Gilday sagde at denerne havde en profet ,som for lang tid siden advarede menneskene imod den magt af dette stof.”Under denne sten er energien så stærk at ingen mand kan overleve det,”fortalte han til menneskene.
Da en Denne mand ved navn Beyonnie fandt en sort sten øst for Great Bear Lake(store bjørne sø)i 1930erne ,var han belønnet med tasker af mel ,bagepulver og spække af en hvid pelsjæger.Den canadiske krone oprettede Eldorado minen og dumpede uranium sten affald og avner ned i vandet ved søen hvor Denerne fiskede og som var ders kød udsprings(kilde),kaldet caribou udspring.
Kenny –Gilday sagde at minen hyrede alle raske Denne mænd til at bære malm taskerne til prammen for 5§ dollar om dagen.Familier tog med deres mænd og fædre og inhalerede støvet,indsugede det radioaktive affald.
Huskende 12 timers dages af opslidende arbejde,84 årige Dener og malm bærer Paul Baton sagde ,”støvet dækkede dig som mel, det dækkede tøjet, vores hoveder og hænder.Vi ville sove på sækkene.Ingen fortalte os noget om at det var farligt,Ingen fortalte os om kræft.”
Skønt hvide minearbejdere ved Eldorado minen bar beskyttelsestøj og fik besked på at gå i brusebad for at skylle uran støvet af efter hvert skift, indfødte arbejdsmænd henføres til at være ”kulier,”var aldrig blevet fortalt om faren.
Kenny-Ggilday sagde ,”De fortalte det aldrig til Denerne.Regeringen vidste at støvet fra malmen ville dræbe denerne”I halvfjerdserne, begyndte mændene at dø af forskellige former for kræft.
Det var første gang at menneskene ved Great Bear Lake, nogensinde havde hørt om kræft,”sagde Kenny-Gilday i et tidligere interview under et besøg ved Laguna Pueblo i New Mexico.
”Hvor mange malm bærere døde ?”Den eneste måde at vide det på er at tælle gravene,”sagde hun.
Udækkede Denne dokumenter afslørede at det canadiske sundhedsministerium vidste besked om risikoen og fejlede og ikke informerede indfødte arbejdere. Imedens at hun foretog undersøgelser i Ottawa, sagde Kenny –Gilday at beviserne var blevet destrueret.”Masser af dokumentationer var strimlet/slettet.”Hun vendte hjem for at fortælle historien om enkerne.
”Nu, der er kun fem overlevende.”Denerne fra Great Bear Lake var aldrig blevet fortalt at de transporterede hemmelige våben-uran-som USA ville bruge til at producere den første atom- bombe.
Borgmestre for Fred
Borgmestre der samarbejder verden over for afskaffelse af
atomvåben. De samarbejde også om andre spørgsmål som truer
fredelig sameksistens: sult, fattigdom, flygtninge,
menneskerettigheder og forurening.
Se deres
hjemmeside.
Danmark er et af de meget få lande i Europa der ikke
har nogle byer som medlem.
Vi fik brev fra Borgmestre for Fred (de har deres kontor
i Hiroshima).
Når man ser på kortet over Europa, ser det ikke godt ud
for danmark. Vi har ingen byer tilsluttet. Det synes vi er
uheldigt - det må der gøres noget ved. På disse websider
kan du se Member
Cities - i Danmark er 13 byer medlem.
I brevet fortæller de videre at ikkespredsnings- traktaten
NPT, The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, er ved at bryde
sammen da USA har tilkendegivet at de vil bruge atomvåben
som første slags våben, samt at de vil fremstille mindre
"brugbare" atomvåben. Disse tiltag er klart i modstrid med
NPT. Nord Korea har trukket sig ud af NPT, og Indien,
Parkistan og Israel nægter at underskrive NPT.
Borgmestre for fred besluttede på deres konference 18.
oktober 2003 at starte en kampagne mod atomvåben og med
focus på NPT. De satser på at samle mange NGOére til NPT
Review Conferencen i New York 2005, 60 år efter
atombombningen.
Og starte en forhandling i FN for komplet udrydelse af
atomvåben 2020.
Læs oversættelse af
Invitation
til Borgmestre for Freds sjette generelle konference til
minde om 60-årsdagen for atombombningerne af Hiroshima
og Nagasaki
Læs om the Middle Powers Initiative (MPI) til fjernelse af atomvåben.
På dette websted kan du læse om initiativet: www.middlepowers.org
Den danske regering er ikke med i initiativet, så her
er noget vi må arbejde på.
Se her
hvem der er med:
Esbjerg Fredsbevægelse er med gennem International Peace Bureau
Chancerne for nedrustning af atomvåben er blevet meget mindre.
Poul Eck Sørensen
USA vil ikke underskrive prøvestopaftalen og de vil til at udvikle nye mindre atomvåben.
Dermed er der fare for skrotning af Ikke spredningsaftalen, som jo bygger på, at de lande der ikke har atomvåben er garanterede, at de lande, der har atomvåben, nedruster.
Envidere kan missilforsvaret få Kina til at føle sig truet af USA-missilforsvar. Derfor kan man forestille sig, at de ser sig nødsaget til at opruste med atomvåben. Dette kan bevirke at Indien føler sig truet og opruster, og dette kan igen få Parkistan til at opruste.
Ser det ud til at missilskjoldet bliver en realitet kan det måske også påvirke vurderingen i Rusland.
Hermed er grunden lagt til opsigelse af Ikke
spredningsaftalen, prøvesprængningsaftalen m.m.
Men også en militarisering af rummet kan øge atomoprustningen.
Laser våben anbragt i rummet kan
bruges til at nedskyde fjentlige missiler, med disse
våben kan også bruges som angrebsvåben i rapporten Joint
Doctrine for Space Operations fra august 2002, tales der
om sådanne angreb. Flere højtstående politikere og
militær folk i USA tales også om krig fra rummet.
Kina arbejder på
at få vedtaget en FN-aftale mod våbenkapløb i rummet,
men USA er imod, så også her vil USA vælge sin egen vej
og ikke FN-vejen, dette kan også bevirke at Kina og
andre lande ser ser sig nødsaget til at opruste med
atomvåen.
Sipris årbog
SIPRIS årbøger
Armament, Disarmament and
International Security
Nedrustnings aftale
mellem
USA og Rusland
FN's nedrustningskommissions
rapport 2003
Formanden:
"The attainment of the objective of security,
which is an inseparable element of peace, has
always been one of the most profound
aspirations of humanity. States have for a long
time sought to maintain their security through
the possession of arms … Yet the accumulation
of weapons, particularly nuclear weapons, today
constitutes much more a threat than a protection for the
future of mankind."
En del af den kan du se hos os på en webside.
Kort historisk oversigt.
(kilde Mother Earth)
16th July 1945: The United States conducts the world's
first nuclear weapon test at Alamogordo, New Mexico
6th and 9th August 1945: The United States drops atomic
bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan
1946-58: The United States tests a total of 66 atomic and
hydrogen bombs in the Marshall Islands.
29th August 1949: The Soviet Union tests its first atomic
bomb
March 1950: The World Peace Council releases the Stockholm
Appeal calling for an absolute ban on nuclear weapons.
3rd October 1952: Britain carries out its first atomic
bomb test.
12th August 1953: The Soviet Union carries out its first
hydrogen bomb test.
August 1955: The first World Conference Against Atomic and
Hydrogen Bombs is held in Hiroshima.
December 1959: The Antarctic Treaty banning the use of
Antarctica for any military purposes, including nuclear
weapon tests, is concluded.
13th February 1960: France conducts its first nuclear
device test.
16th October 1964: China conducts its first atomic bomb
test.
January 1967: The Outer Space Treaty is signed to prohibit
placement of nuclear weapons in orbit around Earth or on
celestial bodies.
February 1967: Latin American countries sign the Treaty of
Tlatelolco prohibiting nuclear weapons on the seabed
beyond the 12-mile coastal limit over which nations have
sovereignty.
July 1968: The nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is
signed, prohibiting non-nuclear states from building or
acquiring nuclear weapons and obligating nuclear powers to
work on arms control and disarmament.
May 1972: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I)
concluded and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty signed, by
US and the Soviet Union.
June 1973: The United States and the Soviet Union sign the
Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War.
18th May 1974: India conducts its first nuclear test
underground.
May 1978: The United Nations General Assembly holds its
first special session on disarmament.
June 1979: SALT II treaty signed between US and Soviet
Union.
July 1980: The South Pacific island group of Palau adopts
the world's first nuclear-free constitution.
June 1982: The U.N. General Assembly holds its second
special disarmament session. Anti-nuclear citizens'
movements spread around the world.
1985: Mordechai Vanunu reveals details of the secret
Israeli nuclear programme.
August 1985: The Treaty of Rarotonga is signed, declaring
the South Pacific nuclear-free.
December 1987: The United States and the Soviet Union sign
the START I treaty on the reduction and limitation of
strategic offensive arms.
February 1992: A declaration by the Republic of Korea
(South Korea) and the Democratic People's Republic of
Korea (North Korea) to make the Korean Peninsula
nuclear-weapons-free takes effect
March 1992: South African president F.W. de Klerk reveals
that his country has dismantled its nuclear weapons.
January 1994: Ukraine signs an agreement with the United
States and Russia to give up all the nuclear weapons
deployed in the republic by the former Soviet Union.
May 1995: The Non-Proliferation Treaty is extended
indefinitely, in large part due to the agreement that a
comprehensive test ban treaty would be ready for signature
before the end of 1996.
December 1995: The Treaty Bangkok, making Southeast Asia a
nuclear-weapon-free-zone, is signed.
April 1996: The Treaty of Pelindaba, making Africa
nuclear-weapon-free, is signed.
8th July 1996: The International Court of Justice issues
an advisory opinion that "the threat or use of nuclear
weapons would generally be contrary to the rules of
international law."
August 1996: The Canberra Commission, a panel of global
opinion leaders that was established at the initiative of
the Australian government, releases a report recommending
specific steps for the elimination of nuclear weapons.
September 1996: The U.N. General Assembly adopts the
Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty.
May 1998: India and Pakistan carry out underground nuclear
tests.
October 1999: The U.S. Senate rejects the Comprehensive
Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), drawing widespread international
condemnation.
April 2000: The Duma, Russia's parliament, ratifies the
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).
December 2001: The US withdraws from the ABM Treaty.
January 2002: US Nuclear Posture Review makes plans for a
new generation of mini-nukes and a possible resumption of
nuclear testing.
Link:
Amerikanerne ønsker missil forsvarssystemet
Amerikanske atomvåben i Europa
HIDANKYO
is the only nation-wide organization of A-bomb survivors
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Hibakusha). It has member
organizations in all 47 Japanese prefectures, thus
representing almost all organized Hibakusha.
Historiske billeder:
